影响浓香型白酒大曲质量的小麦原料关键品质参数研究

Research on the Requirements of the Flavor Liquor Daqu for the Wheat Raw Material Quality

小麦是制作白酒大曲的主要原料,明确优质大曲对小麦原料的品质需求对于专用品种选育、配套栽培技术研发极为关键。2018~2020年,选择4个代表性品种(川麦104、绵麦367、西科麦8号和蜀麦1671),设置6个施氮水平(0、45、90、135、180、225 kg/hm2),在长江上中游麦区4个生态点(四川广汉、梓潼、西昌、湖北南漳)开展试验,评价了不同条件下出产的小麦原料的主要品质性状和制作的浓香型大曲质量。结果表明,年份、地点、品种对大曲感官指标及化学参数都有显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的影响。2019年的大曲感官总评分较2020年高9.7%,四川广汉和湖北南漳点大曲感官总分均值分别为44.6和44.3(总分60),与四川西昌点(39.7)的差异达显著(P<0.05)水平。西科麦8号和川麦104感官总分均值分别为45.4和43.8,显著(P<0.05)高于绵麦367(42.2)和蜀麦1671(42.0)。施氮量对大曲感官评分的影响不显著。各处理的化学参数(酸度、糖化力、液化力和发酵力)测试值均符合“QB/T 4259-2011浓香大曲”要求的范围。不同统计方法下,与大曲感官评价有关联的小麦品质参数有所差异。和其他参数相比,样品粉碎度与大曲感官评分关系更为密切,对于感官评分≥45的样品,粉碎度25%、50%和75%的分位数值分别为70.5%、72.3%和73.8%。总体来看,具有较高的容重、降落值和面团吸水率,且有中等偏高的粉质率以及适宜粉碎度的小麦原料适于大曲生产。

Wheat is the main component for producing the flavor liquor Daqu.It is essential to meet the raw material quality requirements for high-quality Daqu to breed special wheat varieties and simultaneously develop the supporting cultivation practices.From 2018 to 2020,a field experiment involving four representative wheat cultivars(Chuanmai 104,Mianmai 367,Xikemai 8,and Shumai 1671)and six nitrogen application rates(0,45,90,135,180,and 225 kg/hm2)in four different agro-ecological sites(Guanghan,Zitong,and Xichang in Sichuan Province,and Nanzhang in Hubei Province)in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River basin was conducted.This study evaluated the main quality parameters of wheat raw materials and the quality of the flavor liquor Daqu.The results showed that,for most sensory and chemical parameters of Daqu,the main effects of year,location and variety,were all significant(P<0.05)or extremely significant(P<0.01).The total sensory score in 2019 was 9.7%higher than that in 2020.The mean total sensory score in Guanghan and Nanzhang location were 44.6 and 44.3(maximum total score 60),respectively,significantly(P<0.05)different from that in Xichang location(39.7).The mean sensory score of Xikemai 8 and Chuanmai 104 were 45.4 and 43.8,respectively,which were significantly(P<0.05)higher than those of Mianmai 367(42.2)and Shumai 1671(42.0).The effects of nitrogen application rate on sensory score was not significant.Moreover,the values of the chemical parameters(acidity,saccharification power,liquefaction power,and ferment power)of Daqu for all treatments all met the requirements of"QB/T 4259-2011 flavor Daqu".Under different statistical methods,the raw material quality parameters associated with sensory evaluation of Daqu were different.Compared with other parameters,the comminution degree was more closely related to the sensory score of Daqu.For the samples with total sensory score≥45,the quantile values of 25%,50%and 75%of comminution degree were 70.5%,72.3%and 73.8%,respectively.In general,wheat raw materials with higher bulk density,falling value,water absorption of dough,medium to high grain opaque rate and suitable comminution degree are more suitable for Daqu production.