民法典中参照适用条款的方法论意义

Methodological Significance of Reference Application Norms in Civil Code

参照适用又被称为授权式类推适用、法定类推适用等,是指法律明定将关于某种事项所作的规定,适用于最相类似的其他事项。《民法典》中明确规定了大量参照适用条款,给我们在用法学方法论找法、用法问题上提出了新的研究对象和新的命题,有助于丰富和完善“寻找法律”环节的方法论。参照适用、类推适用、拟制、直接适用、补充适用属于不同的法律思考方法和法律适用方法。参照适用的核心难题是规范参照适用司法技术,防止法官恣意,增强法律安定性。参照适用较之类推适用具有更高的确定性。参照适用可以引导我们探索立法者在实定法中的未尽之言。参照适用是释放民法典体系效益、避免重复规定的立法技术。参照适用立法技术有助于避免重复规定,实现立法简约;对法律条文适用范围的妥当安排有助于避免不必要的参照适用。参照适用有意识地弥补《民法典》的漏洞,是具有“造法”功能的司法技术,但参照适用也不是对法律漏洞的终结。经由参照适用技术可以“创造”法律,推动法律发展,实现民法典的再体系化和与时俱进。

The reference application is also known as authorized analogical application,statutory analogical application,etc.,which means that the law clearly applies the provisions made on a certain matter to the most similar other matters.Civil Code of China clearly stipulates a large number of reference application clauses,which put forward new research objects and new propositions for us on the problem of law finding and usage of legal methodology,and which are also helpful to enrich and perfect the methodology of law finding.Reference application,analogical application,fiction,direct application and supplementary application belong to different legal thinking and legal application methods.The core problem of reference application is to standardize the reference application of judicial technology,prevent judges from arbitrariness,and enhance legal stability.The reference application has higher certainty than the analogical application.Reference application can guide us to explore the legislators’unfinished words in the actual law.Reference application is a legislative technology to release the benefits of the Civil Code and avoid duplicate provisions.Legislative technology of reference application helps to avoid duplicate provisions and realize legislative simplicity.Proper arrangement of the scope of application of legal provisions helps to avoid unnecessary reference application.Reference application is a judicial technology with the function of making law.Reference application is not the end of legal loopholes.By legal technology of reference application,we can create laws,promote the development of laws,and realize the re-systematization of the Civil Code and keep pace with the times.