“乡药”与“东医”:14—19世纪朝鲜半岛对中医学的收受与变容

Hyangyak and Tongŭi:the Acceptance and Transformation of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Korea in 14th-19th Century

14世纪以来,朝鲜半岛社会在收受中医学的过程中,表现出对于本土药材使用和医学知识“宜土性”的关注,形成并展开了“乡药论”与“东医论”。一直以来,韩国学界都习惯以此为据来证明传统“韩医学”发展的自主性与独立性。但事实上,在整个前近代时期,受中华文明观的影响,中医药学知识在朝鲜半岛社会始终扮演着权威角色,朝鲜医家也仅是在完全认可中医学宗主地位及权威性的基础上,一定程度地展现出本土文化意识。这一意识并不等同于具有排他性的近代“民族国家意识”,因此,基于这一意识形成的“乡药论”与“东医论”也很难作为近代以前朝鲜半岛医学知识具有民族自主性和独立性的例证。

Since the 14th century,in the process of accepting and transforming traditional Chinese medicine,the Korean society has showed its attention to the use of indigenous medical materials and the“appropriateness”of medical knowledge,and then formed and developed the“Theory of Hyangyak”and“Theory of Tongŭi”.For a long time,the academic community of South Korea often views this as evidence to demonstrate the autonomy and independence of the development of traditional Korean medicine.However,throughout the early modern period,due to the impact of Chinese civilization,TCM knowledge has always been regarded as the orthodox in the whole Korean society,and the Korean medical practitioners only developed local cultural consciousness to some extent on the sole basis of full recognition of the suzerainty and authority of Chinese medicine.This consciousness is not the same as the exclusive modern“nation-state consciousness,”and therefore the“Theory of Hyangyak”and“Theory of Tongŭi”formed and based on it are hardly recognized as examples of the autonomy and independence of medical knowledge in Korea during the early modern period.