清代圆明园-同乐园样式雷烫样颜料的科学分析

Analysis and research on the pigments of Yuanmingyuan-Tongleyuan Yangshi Lei Tangyang made during the Qing Dynasty

样式雷家族留存的烫样模型蕴含了丰富的科学与艺术价值,有助于互相参照,从材料、尺寸、样式、工艺等角度全面研究中国古代建筑的营造制度,更可作为古建筑设计、修缮、复原研究等的参考依据。目前对样式雷烫样的研究偏重于建筑营建的相关史实及空间的解读。相对而言,烫样本身的认识还不够充分,深度研究仍属个例,尚未形成全面、整体的认识。特别是制作工艺方面,仍然处于初步的探索阶段,缺少科学系统性的深层挖掘,对于样式雷烫样彩绘颜料科学分析的报道也相对较少。馆藏清代圆明园-同乐园样式雷烫样颜料运用比较丰富,可以辨识的颜料有红色、蓝色、绿色、白色和黄色,这些色彩均是清代建筑彩绘中的常用色调。在对圆明园-同乐园烫样进行保护修复前,利用显微激光拉曼光谱(Raman)、傅里叶变换显微红外光谱(Micro-FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析方法对圆明园-同乐园样式雷烫样所用颜料进行分析研究。研究表明所用颜料既包括无机矿物颜料,也包括有机植物染料。红色颜料是朱砂,蓝色颜料是人工群青,绿色颜料是巴黎绿,白色颜料是碳酸钙,黄色颜料是藤黄。藤黄作为有机物,易受环境影响而降解,在纸质文物中并不多见,研究结果为藤黄在清代彩绘中的应用提供了又一实证。本研究为详细了解圆明园-同乐园样式雷烫样的材质和工艺等信息提供了重要科学依据。

The Tangyang preserved by the Yangshi Lei family contains rich scientific and artistic value,which is helpful for cross-reference,and comprehensively study the construction system of ancient Chinese architecture from the perspectives of materials,dimensions,styles,and craftsmanship.It can also be used as a reference for ancient architectural design,repair,restoration research,etc.At present,the research of the Tangyang models focus on the interpretation of the relevant historical facts and space of building construction.Relatively speaking,the understanding of Tangyang themselves is not sufficient,in-depth research is still an individual case,and a comprehensive and overall understanding has not yet been formed.Especially in terms of production process,it is still in the preliminary stage of exploration,there is a lack of scientific and systematic in-depth explorati.There are relatively few reports on the scientific analysis of painted pigments in Tangyang models.There are a wide range of pigments used in the Yuanmingyuan-Tongleyuan Yangshi Lei Tangyang.The recognizable pigments are red,blue,green,white and yellow,which are commonly used in Qing Dynasty architectural painting.Some components fell off from the Tangyang and were scattered around,which need to be resorted.Raman,Micro-FTIR,SEM-EDS and XRD were used to analyze and study the pigments used in the Tangyang.The pigments include both inorganic mineral pigments and organic plant pigments.The results have shown that the red pigment is cinnabar,the blue pigment is artificial ultramarine,the green pigment is emerald green,the white pigment is calcium carbonate,and the yellow pigment is gamboge.As an organic dye,gamboge is easily degraded by environmental influences.Therefore,it is rare in paper cultural relics.And the research results provide evidence for the application of gamboge in Qing Dynasty paintings.This study also provides an important scientific basis for a detailed understanding of the information status of cultural relics such as materials and processes.