直升机旋翼结冰影响及防/除冰方法综述

Review on influences of helicopter rotor icing and anti-/de-icing methods

为深入认识旋翼结冰的影响,从结冰强度和桨尖冰脱落两个方面阐述了旋翼结冰的特征及其主要响应因素,进而归纳了结冰对直升机升阻力特性、悬停特性、操纵特性等气动影响,并提出了评估旋翼冰脱落对直升机物理损伤的主要思路和方法。介绍了旋翼防/除冰应用中的电热防/除冰、液体防冰和气动除冰等主要技术,系统分析了它们的优缺点:电热防/除冰除冰效率高,但能耗较大;液体防冰能耗低,但作用时间短,且防冰效率不高;气动除冰系统虽然能耗低,但其安装部位有限,并且易造成直升机气动损失。在此基础上,还针对当前直升机防除冰系统存在的缺点,从旋翼结冰的高精度预测、多种防/除冰系统的耦合开发、大面积超疏水材料制备工艺提升等多个方面,全面展望防/除冰未来发展中亟需解决的重要问题。

In order to deeply understand the influence of rotor icing,the characteristics of rotor icing and its main corresponding factors were described from icing intensity and icing shedding from the tip part.Then the aerodynamic influences of icing on helicopter lift resistance,hovering and control characteristics were summarized,and the probable ideas of evaluating rotor ice shedding on helicopter physical damage were proposed.Main technologies in the application of rotor anti-/de-icing,such as electrothermal anti/de-icing,fluids anti-icing and pneumatic de-icing,were introduced,and their advantages and disadvantages were systematically analyzed.Concretely,electrothermal anti-/de-icing had high efficiency,but high energy consumption.Liquids anti-icing had low energy consumption,but short functional time and low anti-icing efficiency.Although the pneumatic de-icing system had low energy consumption,its installation position was limited,making it easy to cause aerodynamic losses of helicopters.On this basis,focus was put on the shortcomings of the current helicopter anti-/de-icing system,the important problems to be solved in the future development of anti-/de-icing were comprehensively prospected from the aspects of high-precision prediction of rotor icing,coupling development of various icing systems,and large-area preparation of super hydrophobic materials.