胎盘来源外泌体及其在不良妊娠发病机制中的研究

Placenta derived exosomes and their role in the pathogenesis of adverse pregnancy

外泌体(exosome)是单层膜,直径为30~200 nm囊泡,具有与细胞相同的拓扑结构,富含选定的蛋白质、脂质、核酸和糖复合物。外泌体可以重塑细胞外基质和向其他细胞传递信号和分子,这一细胞间囊泡运输途径在人类健康和疾病的许多方面发挥重要作用,包括妊娠、免疫、组织稳态、癌症和神经退行性疾病。在妊娠的背景下,基于外泌体的通信在胎盘、母体和胎儿间的相互交流中具有特殊的作用,大多数研究集中在滋养层外泌体及其对其他胎盘细胞类型、内皮细胞和机体远端组织的影响。本文综述了外泌体的生物学特点及胎盘来源的外泌体作为可能的妊娠期不良并发症诊断和预后的生物标志物的前景。

Exosomes are monolayers,vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 200 nm,which have the same topology as cells and are rich in selected proteins,lipids,nucleic acids and sugar complexes.Exosomes can reshape the extracellular matrix and deliver signals and molecules to other cells.This intercellular vesicle transport pathway plays an important role in many aspects of human health and disease,including pregnancy,immunity,tissue homeostasis,cancer,and neurodegenerative diseases.In the context of pregnancy,exosome-based communication has a specific role in the communication between the placenta,mother,and fetus,and most studies have focused on trophoblast exosomes and their effects on other placental cell types,endothelial cells,and distal tissues of the body.This article reviews the biological characteristics of exosomes and the prospect of placenta derived exosomes as possible biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of adverse complications during pregnancy.