老年人自尊、希望和抑郁关系的纵向研究

A Longitudinal Study of Self-Esteem, Hope, and Depression Symptoms in Older Adults

为考察老年人自尊、希望与抑郁间的关系,本研究对281名老年人进行为期一年的追踪调查。相关分析及纵向中介分析结果表明:(1)自尊和希望与老年人的抑郁显著负相关,老年人自尊和希望显著正相关。(2)自尊正向预测老年人的希望,老年人的希望负向预测抑郁。(3)希望在自尊对老年人抑郁的影响中起中介作用。本研究结果揭示了希望是自尊对老年人抑郁产生效应的重要机制变量。这些结果对于减缓老年人抑郁,促进老年心理健康具有一定的实践价值。

At present, aging population has become a serious social problem in China. As a special group in society, older adults are prone to have depression symptoms due to their changing social status, deteriorating health and economic difficulties, which is detrimental to their physical and mental health. Depression symptoms are a risk factor for a variety of common diseases in older adults and can lead to suicidal behavior. Individuals’ negative evaluation of themselves, such as the defective and worthless feelings, is an important cause of depression symptoms. Self-esteem refers to positive or negative attitudes toward oneself. People with high levels of self-esteem have higher levels of self-identification, can think positively of themselves, and pay more attention to positive emotions, thus having fewer depression symptoms. Many cross-sectional studies have showed that self-esteem was negatively correlated with depression symptoms. Nonetheless, few studies have used longitudinal designs to explore the internal mechanisms between self-esteem and depression symptoms. What’s more, hope is proved to be an important variable closely related to self-esteem and depression symptoms, which may affect the relationship between self-esteem and depression symptoms. High levels of self-esteem can cultivate the confidence of individuals to deal with difficulties and solve problems, so that they can get satisfaction from success and promote the levels of hope. In addition, when individuals have a high level of hope, they can not only conceptualize multiple ways to achieve their goals, but also find new ways to solve problems when faced with difficulties, thereby reducing the negative emotions and experiences brought about by depression symptoms.Nevertheless, the internal mechanisms of the recationgship between self-esteem, hope, and depression symptoms in older adults remain unknown.Based on these, the aim of this study is to test the relationship between the three variables in older adults.The current study used a longitudinal design to explore the mediating role of hope between self-esteem and depression symptoms. A total of 281 older adults in Xi ’an, Shaanxi province, were recruited, including 86 males and 195 females. All participants completed measures of self-esteem,hope, and depression at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months later. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS25.0 and Amos23.0. Correlation analyses showed that self-esteem and hope were significantly and negatively correlated with depression symptoms in the older adults, while self-esteem and hope were significantly and positively correlated with each other. Moreover, hope played a mediating role in the relationship between self-esteem and depression symptoms. Specifically, self-esteem positively predicted hope after 6 months later, which further negatively predicted depression after 12 months later.This study has theoretical and practical significance. In theory, this study explores the longitudinal relationship among self-esteem, hope, and depression symptoms in the older adults and emphasizes the mediating role of hope. The findings enrich previous studies that emphasized the direct role of self-esteem in depression symptoms and reveal the positive role of hope in depression symptoms. In practice, the results of this study provide new ideas for alleviating the depression symptoms of older adults. Interventions aiming at alleviating depression symptoms in older adults should pay attention to promoting their hope.