债务人异议之诉的实体基础与程序构造

Substantive Basis and Procedural Structure of the Debtor’s Objection Litigation

民事法律关系的内容不会因为宣告该法律关系的法律文书生效而停滞,同时执行依据的生成过程本身存在程序性质的差异,加之当事人存在通过多渠道救济乃至形成多个纠纷解决方案的情况,因此会出现执行依据载明的权利义务内容与当事人之间实际的权利义务内容不一致的情况。比较法上通过债务人异议之诉来削减执行依据的执行力,我国现行实在法通过执行行为异议承担债务人异议之诉的功能。强制执行立法应该建立系统的债务人异议之诉程序,从执行依据的性质和事由的类型两方面规定异议事由。对于具有既判力性质效力的执行依据,异议事由是既判力基准时之后新出现的权利消灭事由以及权利阻碍事由;对于不具有既判力性质效力的执行依据,异议事由是所有权利阻止、消灭和阻碍事由。执行依据竞合与执行和解协议也会影响执行依据的执行力。债务人异议之诉属于普通民事诉讼,但程序构造上具有特殊性。

The content of a civil legal relationship will not be fixed, although the legal document announcing the legal relationship enters into effect. At the same time, there are differences in the nature of the procedure in the process of generating the enforcement basis. In addition, the parties would use multiple channels for relief and even form multiple dispute resolution solutions. Therefore, there will be situations where the content of rights and obligations stated on the enforcement basis is inconsistent with the actual content of rights and obligations between the parties. In comparative law, the execution force of the enforcement basis is reduced through the debtor’s objection litigation, while the current positive law of our country assumes the function of the debtor’s objection litigation through the execution objection. Enforcement legislation should establish a systematic procedure for the debtor’s objection litigation, and regulate the cause of objection from two aspects: the nature of the enforcement basis and the type of the objection causes. For the enforcement basis with the effect of res judicata, the objection causes are the new reasons for the extinction of rights and the obstruction of rights after the benchmark of res judicata;for the enforcement basis without the effect of res judicata, the objection causes are all the reasons for the prevention,extinction and obstruction of rights. The concurrence of execution basis, and enforcement settlement agreement, will also affect the execution of enforcement basis. The debtor’s objection litigation is an ordinary civil lawsuit, but there are particularities in the procedural structure.