监察调查的证据标准及其认知保障——以职务犯罪案件的“监检衔接”为中心

The Evidence Standards of Supervisory Investigation and Its Cognitive Guarantee

监察调查之证据标准,在规范层面体现出“印证”法定化、主观性标准以及区分“证据确凿”与“证据确实、充分”等特点。实践中,监察机关与检察机关对于职务犯罪案件的证据标准存在一定认知差异,对证据标准的认知保障亦缺乏规范性。加之监察程序所特有的独立性、封闭性等特征,导致认知主体之实质多元、认知行为之及时监控、认知构造之有效平衡的实现打了折扣。监察调查证据标准的认知提示及程序保障可以从两个层面具体展开:一是宏观主体的认知提示和监督,包括授权检察机关在没有监察机关商请的前提下,也能“主动”提前介入监察,并且规范检察机关退回补充调查和自行补充侦查的权力行使;二是微观主体的认知提示和监督,监察机关可以通过内部规范的方式,对谈话最低轮次数量以及各轮次是否需要更换办案人员加以明确,而检察机关也应当尽可能让未参与提前介入监察的检察官负责审查起诉。

The evidence standard of supervisory investigation embodies the characteristics of legalization of “ confirmation”,subjective standard and distinction between “ conclusive evidence” and “ true and sufficient evidence” in the normative level.In practice,supervisory organs and procuratorial organs have certain cognitive differences in the evidence standards of duty-related crime cases,and the cognitive guarantee of evidence standards is also lack of standardization.In addition,the independent and closed characteristics of the supervision program greatly reduce the realization of the substantial pluralism of the cognitive subject,the timely monitoring of cognitive behavior and the effective balance of cognitive construction.The cognitive prompt and procedural guarantee of evidence standards of supervisory investigation can be carried out from two aspects:one is the cognitive prompt and supervision of macro subjects,including authorizing procuratorial organs to “take the initiative” to intervene in supervision in advance without the request of supervisory organs,and standardizing the exercise of procuratorial organs' power to return supplementary investigation and self-supplementary investigation;the other is the cognitive prompt and supervision of micro-subjects,including clarifying the minimum rounds of interviews and whether the case personnel need to be replaced at each round by means of internal norms,and trying their best to let prosecutors who do not participate in the supervision in advance be responsible for the examination and prosecution.