环境与社会的互动:从新出简牍看东汉基层社会聚落

Interaction between the Environment and Society:Grass-root Social Settlements in Eastern Han Dynasty Viewed from Newly Unearthed Bamboo Slips

长沙及其周边地区出土的东汉时期简牍反映,里既是户籍登记单位,也是实际居住地。但随着人口的增加,需要开发更多的土地资源,不少丘、渚、州等自然地理单元逐渐形成聚落。其中,丘已经普遍化,成为组织农业生产与征收田租的基本单位。新形成的聚落仍然实行“比地为伍”的社会控制策略,如丘内设有小伍长。在社会治安方面,州内设有例游徼,交通要道置例亭长,以防止奸慝发生。东汉时期基层社会治理大致延续了秦及西汉时期的策略,乡里社会的权力体系和治理结构仍然是一元化的,但环境与社会互动导致的聚落形态多样化,使基层社会人地关系更加复杂,社会治理难度有所增加。

Bamboo slips of Changsha and its peripheral regions in the Eastern Han dynasty reflected Li was used not only as a residence register unit but also as the actual habitations of residents.With the population growth,people needed to exploit more land resources,as a result of which natural landforms as geographical units such as Qiu,Zhu,and Zhou gradually developed into settlements.Thereafter,Qiu became common and became the basic unit of agricultural production and tax collection.In the newly formed settlements,strategies of Bidiweiwu for sovereign power over the society were still implemented.Xiaowuzhang,for example,was set in Qiu.For the sake of social stability and safety,official ranks such as Liyoujiao within Zhou and Litingzhang set along major transport lines were maintained to prevent treachery and concealment.Grass-root social governance of Eastern Han dynasty roughly continued to follow the strategies of Qin Dynasty and Western Han Dynasty.Meanwhile the power system and governance structure in rural society continued to follow the one-dimensional fashion for governing and controlling society,which was dominantly centralized.However,the interaction between the environment and society diversified the settlement forms,making the grass-root relationship between man and land more complex,and social governance more painstaking.