积极刑法观的实践修正与功能完善

The amendment to the concept of positive criminal law

积极刑法观的理论建设正深陷诸如“刑法适用泛化”“刑法工具化”等多重质疑之中,亟需对其核心主张与现实功能进行修正与重塑。在立法论维度,积极刑法观应当以民权刑法为核心,通过在立法实践中不断夯实刑事立法的事实基础,从而促进刑事立法的科学化发展。此外,还可以利用类型思维法、宪法教义学等理论资源,优化刑事立法的质量与品质。在司法论维度,积极刑法观应当在刑事归责的过程中发展需罚性理论,以求拓宽轻罪裁判的出罪空间。通过修正之后的积极刑法观理论来检视高空抛物罪的刑事立法,可以得出如下结论:(1)该罪立法的增设具有保护公民个人法益的重要价值;(2)该罪的保护法益属于集体法益中的秩序安全法益;(3)对该罪的司法认定可以围绕该罪的法益内涵,从正向筛选与反向排除两个视角来展开。

Debates on the concept of positive criminal law is mainly about the “generalization of application of criminal law” and “instrumentalization of criminal law”. This paper formulates the concept and clarifies its application to clear up the doubts on the concept. From the perspective of legislative theory, the concept should take the civil rights criminal law as the core and provide a solid base for criminal legislation to promote the healthy development of criminal legislation. In addition, theories such as type thinking and constitutional dogma can be borrowed to optimize criminal legislation. On the basis of judicial theory, the concept should develop the theory of punishment in the process of criminal responsibility in order to broaden the space for misdemeanor judgments. After examining the crime of dropping objects from height, we reach the following conclusions: (1) The legislation of this crime is of great value in protecting citizens’ personal legal interests;(2)The protection legal interests of this crime falls within the legal interests of order and security in the collective legal interests;(3) The judicial determination of the crime should consider the legal interests of the crime from the two perspectives of positive screening and negative exclusion.