清朝的出入境人员管理制度及其在西南边境的实践

The Management System of Entry and Exit Personnel in the Qing Dynasty and Its Practice in the Southwest Border

康熙时期,清朝初步制定了全国性的出入境人员管理制度,此后在雍正、乾隆、嘉庆、光绪等时期有所调整,内容渐趋细化。由于各种主客观因素影响,西南边境出入境人员管理制度的条款和实施进程,与全国性出入境人员管理制度的内容和实施进程并不同步。清朝政府又制定了适用于西南边境的地方性出入境人员管理制度,并根据西南边境的历史发展态势随时调整。此外,清缅战争期间乾隆朝封锁中缅边境,禁止所有人员出入,目的是使缅甸物资匮乏,防止境内信息泄露,以尽快取得战争胜利,并在战争结束后惩罚缅甸,即使如此,中缅边境依然有许多境内外人员非法出入。

The Qing Dynasty initially formulated the national entry-exit personnel management system in Kangxi period,then it was adjusted and refined in Yongzheng,Qianlong,Jiaqing,Guangxu and other periods.Due to various subjective and objective factors,the content and implementation process of the southwest border entry-exit personnel management system are not synchronized with the content and implementation process of the national entry-exit personnel management system.The Qing government also formulated the local entry-exit personnel management system applicable to the southwest border,which was adjusted at any time according to the historical development trend of the southwest border.In addition,during the Qing Dynasty-Burma war,the Qianlong Dynasty blocked the border and prohibited all personnel from entering and leaving the border.The purpose was to make Myanmar lack materials,prevent information leakage,and win the war as soon as possible,and punish Myanmar after the end of the war.Even so,there were still many people entering and leaving the border illegally across the border.