高分子免疫佐剂材料

Polymeric Immune Adjuvant Materials

佐剂是一种添加到疫苗中,使疫苗能够非特异性地增强机体对抗原的特异性免疫应答的物质,是疫苗和免疫治疗的重要组分.为了解决当前市场上小分子和生物制剂佐剂靶向性差、系统暴露度高、生物毒性强等问题,具有免疫刺激活性和生物安全性的高分子材料正在成为免疫佐剂领域的研究热点.在本专论中,我们回顾了近年来发现的具有免疫刺激活性的天然来源或人工合成的高分子佐剂材料,并介绍了用来担载或键合小分子佐剂的高分子材料.提出了“高分子免疫佐剂材料”这一概念,并指出,高分子免疫佐剂材料不仅能够本身作为模式识别受体激动剂而激活免疫系统,具有相比于小分子佐剂更加安全可控的优势,并且可以与小分子佐剂以物理包埋或化学键合的方式相结合,控制抗原和小分子佐剂的体内传输与释放行为,进而增强免疫系统的响应.希望通过本专论的讨论,可以进一步明确对高分子免疫佐剂材料的理解,推动疫苗与免疫治疗这一新兴技术领域的发展.

Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to enhance the specific immune response to antigens in a non-specific way,and are important components of vaccines and immunotherapy.In order to solve the problems of poor targeting,high systemic exposure and biological toxicity of the currently marketed adjuvants including small molecules and biologics,polymeric materials with immunostimulatory activity and biosafety are becoming a hot research topic.In this feature article,we reviewed polymeric adjuvant materials of natural or synthetic origin that had been discovered in recent years with immunostimulatory activity,as well as polymeric materials used to encapsulate or conjugate with small molecule adjuvants.We proposed the concept of“polymeric immune adjuvant materials”,and pointed out that polymeric immune adjuvant materials not only can act as pattern recognition receptor agonists to activate the immune system with a safer and more controllable manner than small molecule adjuvants,but also can be combined with small molecule adjuvants in a physically encapsulated or chemically bonded manner to control the in vivo delivery and release behavior of the antigen and small molecule adjuvants,thus enhancing the immune responses.We hope the discussion in this feature article could help the understanding of polymeric immune adjuvant materials and promote the further development of immunotherapy and vaccines.