从扩大开放到制度型开放:对外开放平台的演进与升级

From Expanding Openness to Institutional Opening:the Evolution and Upgrading of China’s Opening-up Platform

在“进口替代—出口导向—高水平对外开放”的战略转换中,改革开放后我国对外开放平台建设经历了“局部开放—全面开放—制度型开放”三个阶段,在政策取向上从扩大开放向制度型开放演进,在空间格局上从东部率先开放向东西协同开放进化,在主要功能上从单一(如出口加工区)向复合(如自由贸易试验区)拓展。对外开放平台的建设历程反映了我国国际分工地位的转变和开放制度的演化,不仅形成了从沿海到内陆全方位、多领域、深层次的对外开放格局,还推动塑造了不同阶段国内区域经济发展的空间格局。中国的制度型开放不同于以美国为代表的国内制度国际化模式和以日韩为代表的对接国际经贸规则模式,具有突出的包容性特征。应以中国特色制度型开放推进对外开放平台建设转型升级:积极开展先行先试,构建高水平的制度型对外开放平台体系;推动多区叠加和东西合作,促进对外开放平台红利溢出;深化对外开放平台的跨境合作,维护多元稳定的国际经贸关系;加快制度创新成果的复制推广,强化对外开放平台以点带面的功能和优势。

The opening-up platform bears the implementation of China’s major strategic objectives and tasks,and is an important carrier for China to promote economic system reform.Since the reform and opening-up,the construction of China’s platform has realized the transformation from initially integrating into the global market by expanding exports to promoting the high-level open development,and China emerged as to become a world trade power.In this context,the functional orientation of China’s opening-up platform has also realized the transformation from supporting export-oriented economic development to exploring an institutional opening system and building a new pattern of opening up and development.With China’s active exploration in trade,investment,industry,technology,and other aspects as well as the advancement of various economic system reforms,the opening-up platform has gone through a phase from a“Special Export Zone”with a single function and two external ends to a“Free Trade Test Zone”carrying the function of system innovation and exploring system-based opening-up.This has created a new pilot field for deepening reform and opening up in the new era.This paper argues that in order to promote the development of China’s domestic industries,upgrade the status of the international division of labor and change the mode of trade development,China’s development strategy has mainly experienced the transformation of import substitution,export orientation,and high-level openness.Correspondingly,the construction of the open platform has also achieved the practical logic transformation of partial opening,comprehensive opening,and institutional opening.In the stage of import substitution,China’s overall dependence on foreign trade is at a relatively low level and has undergone a significant decline and bottoming-out process,with limited participation in the international division of labor.Driven by the export-oriented strategy,China’s dependence on imports and exports has continued to rise,reaching a high point and then turning back,largely reflecting the impact of China’s comparative advantage transformation,changes in the international division of labor status,and external demand shocks.In the high-level opening-up stage,China’s dependence on foreign trade has continued to decline,reaching a low point and then turning to rise,reflecting the phased results of China’s acceleration in promoting the transformation and upgrading of foreign trade structure and enhancing trade competitiveness.The evolution of China’s trade policy and the spatial choice of the construction of the opening-up platform have had a profound impact on China’s regional industrial development and regional economic growth,which has led to the differentiation of regional economic growth drivers,the initial formation of a multi-center network spatial growth pattern,and China’s foreign trade model from the homogeneous competition and trade substitution to double circulation.It fully reflects the characteristics of inclusiveness,win-win and coordinated development of the Chinese path to modernization.In previous studies,scholars mostly focused on the logical sorting and empirical analysis of the specific opening-up platform.Research on the theory and practical logic of China’s opening-up platform construction in combination with the international economic and trade development environment and domestic opening development goals is rare.The innovation of this study is mainly reflected in three aspects:firstly,it systematically combs the development process and practical logic transformation of China’s opening-up platform construction;secondly,focusing on the transformation of development strategy,it theoretically analyzes the evolution of trade mode and spatial impact of the construction of the opening-up platform;the third is to analyze the policy optimization of building a high-level opening-up platform in the future,providing a reference for China to promote the high-quality opening-up development of the platform in the new stage.