儒家“仁论”诠释视角下的清中期汉宋之争

The Han-Song Controversy in the Mid-Qing Period from the Perspective of Confucianism's“Ren Theory”Interpretation

“仁”的概念在儒学诠释中意义重大。孔子立足于现实生活,以“仁礼互释”赋予了“仁”极大的实践意义,但孔子“述而不作”的态度以及所形成的“六经”为本的诠释方法极大地影响了后世的诠释。“比类”与“征实”思维的诠释方法在经典解释中较为重要,二者也体现在汉儒的诠释方法中。一方面,在比类上,汉儒注重“类感”的形象思维,而宋儒发扬了“比类而推”的抽象思维。另一方面,汉代以“古文经学”为代表的实证诠释思维即使在宋儒如朱熹者亦有吸收,且对清代汉学立场的经学家产生了较大的影响。阮元作为“汉宋之争”的关键节点,对宋学方法的“臆断”之弊与汉学方法“株守”之害进行了反思,但并未完全否定其中任何一方,而是将“仁”的诠释复归到接近孔子本旨、以汉学方法为基而兼重义理、以“通经致世”为宗旨的“实学”实践诠释中。

The concept of“ren”is of great significance in Confucian interpretation,and Confucius,based on real life,gave“ren”great practical significance by“mutual interpretation of‘ren’and‘rites’”.However,Confucius’attitude of“stating but not doing”and his interpretation method based on the Six Classics have greatly influenced the interpretations of later generations.The interpretive methods of“analogy”and“truth-seeking”are more important in classical interpretation,and they are also reflect⁃ed in the interpretive methods of Han Confucianism.On the one hand,Han Confucianism focuses on the image thinking of“analo⁃gy”,while Song Confucianism promotes the abstract thinking of“analogy and deduction”.On the other hand,the empirical inter⁃pretive thinking represented by the Han dynasty’s“ancient literature and scriptures”was absorbed even by Song Confucians such as Zhu Xi,and this way of thinking had a great influence on the scribes of the Han position in the Qing dynasty.In addition,Ruan Yuan,as a key point in the“Han-Song Controversy”,reflected on the disadvantages of the Song method of“conjecture”and the harm of the Han method of“stubbornness”,but he did not completely reject either side,but returned the interpretation of“ren”to the practical interpretation of“practical learning”close to the original purpose of Confucius,and which is based on the Han meth⁃od with an emphasis on righteousness and reasoning,and with the purpose of“passing through the scriptures to the world”.