阿根廷“国宝”马黛茶的种植史演变

Cultivation History Evolution of Argentina’s "National Treasure" Yerba Mate

马黛茶被誉为阿根廷的“国宝”,出口远销至欧洲、中东、东亚等地。马黛茶的原始种植最早始于殖民前期的巴拉圭地区,西班牙殖民者的到来使马黛茶消费在殖民地区开始蔓延,但最初被殖民当局视作恶习而禁止饮用。17至18世纪,耶稣会通过人工培育形成大型马黛茶种植园,使马黛茶在拉普拉塔河流域迅速实现商业化运行与发展。拉美独立运动后,巴西曾一度成为马黛茶生产大国,但1870年三国同盟战争后,阿根廷的米西奥内斯政府通过移民和农业扩张使得当地重新成为马黛茶的主要种植和消费区,塑造了当地小农户与大庄园并存的双元制农业结构。20世纪30年代,米西奥内斯的马黛茶种植达到顶峰,但此后却陷入了生产性扩张和危机轮替的经济周期。新自由主义改革后,随着马黛茶进入现代化生产和大规模分销模式,消费与出口不断增加,成为阿根廷及南美各国的民族象征。

Yerba mate is known as Argentina’s"national treasure"and has been exported to Europe,the Middle East,East Asia and other places.The original cultivation of mate tea first began in the pre-colonial period in Paraguay,and the arrival of Spanish colonists led to the spread of mate tea consumption in the colonized areas,but it was initially prohibited by the colonial authorities as a vice.During the 17 th to 18 th century,the Jesuits formed large plantations of mate tea through artificial cultivation,resulting in the rapid commercialization and development of mate tea in the La Plata River basin.After the Latin American independence movement,Brazil was once a major producer of mate tea,but after the War of the Triple Alliance in 1870,the Misiones in Argentina re-emerged as the main planting and consuming area of mate tea through migration and agricultural expansion,shaping the local dualistic agricultural structure of small farmers and large estates.The cultivation of mate tea in Misiones reached its peak in the 1930s,but then fell into economic cycle of alternating productive expansion and crisis.After the neoliberal reforms,consumption and exports increased as mate tea entered a modern production and mass distribution model,becoming a national symbol in Argentina and South American countries.