《正蒙》心性理论探究

On the Theory of Mind and Nature in the Works--Zhengmeng

张载哲学体系中包含着丰富的心性论思想。“性”之内涵分为两个层次:首先,作为万物本源的太虚以及阴阳二气交感化生,使世间万物获得其“是其所是”的本“性”,这是客观意义上的性;其次,人类禀有的天地之性和气质之性则是主观意义上的,它们在“心”上得以体现,而且这两层“性”的关系要在气化论的框架下方能厘清;“性”落实到具体的人类个体之上,由“心”来承载。“心”具有知觉的特征,“心知”作为一种德性之知,其认知对象有三个方面:天地造化之道、本然善性和人类社会中的伦理秩序。本文不认同通常将德性之知理解为一种理性知识的看法,通过分析《正蒙》文本中“体”的四种含义(“形体”“本体”“体知”及“以……为一体”),判断德性之知是一种“身体性”的“体知”,凭借这种独特的认知方式,圣人得以“合内外之德”。

Zhang Zai's philosophy system contains rich thoughts of Mind-Nature theory.First of all,Taixu as the founder of all things,and the interaction of Yin and Yang make all things in the world acquire their original"nature",which is the objective sense of nature.However,the human nature of Heaven and Earth and the nature of temperament is subjective,which is embodied in human's"Heart".The"heart"with the ability of perception is different from the knowledge of seeing and hearing.In terms of the content of knowledge,the objects of mind knowledge include three aspects:the way of heaven and earth,s creation,the natural goodness and the ethical order in human society;and then through the analysis of the four meanings of"Ti",it is concluded that Zhang Zai's knowledge of virtue is a kind of"Ti-zhi".With this unique cognitive way,sages can integrate the internal and external virtues.