传粉熊蜂访花行为的研究进展

Research progress in foraging behavior of pollinating bumblebees

传粉是植物实现种子繁殖和维持遗传多样性而采取的重要生殖策略。熊蜂作为一类重要的传粉昆虫,因其独特的访花行为和传粉习性,不仅承担着许多野生和濒危植物的传粉任务,而且在设施农作物的传粉服务中发挥着重要作用。尽管近年来国内外围绕熊蜂的访花行为开展了大量研究,然而,目前有关熊蜂访花行为的过程、特点和模式、行为策略、影响因素以及对植物传粉效率的影响等仍然缺乏较为系统的总结。因此,本文围绕上述方面对近年来的研究资料进行了整理和详细综述。熊蜂的访花行为是集合了出巢、吸食花蜜和采集花粉的行为学过程。为了达到净能量摄入最大化,熊蜂往往会根据食物资源的分布情况采取多种行为策略。熊蜂的访花行为受到光线、温度、湿度等生态因子的影响,许多植物源因素,如花朵的颜色、形态等物理特征、化学气味、食物营养状况同样能够对熊蜂的访花行为产生影响。熊蜂自身的因素,如社群信息、肠道微生物作用、病虫害和访花竞争者均能在生理调节过程中影响熊蜂的访花行为。此外,种间种内竞争也会影响熊蜂的访花行为。另一方面,熊蜂的访花行为作为传粉的必要部分也会对植物的传粉效率产生影响,进而影响传粉后的坐果率、结实率以及果实品质等。在设施农业中人们已经运用多种措施调控熊蜂的访花行为,以提高传粉效率。总之,围绕熊蜂的访花行为而开展的多方面研究不仅极大地促进了人们对熊蜂传粉功能和行为过程的理解,也为深入开展熊蜂人工驯化和设施农作物传粉应用提供了重要基础。然而,依据目前的研究现状结合近年来气候变化、农药使用等诸多因素对熊蜂访花行为的作用,在未来的研究中许多涉及熊蜂访花的重要问题应亟需开展更深入的研究,如熊蜂访花偏好的遗传基础、访花行为的生态响应、熊蜂与植物协同进化的分子机制,以及气候变化和农药使用对熊蜂访花行为的影响及其适应机制等。这一系列重要问题的研究,都将促进人们进一步认识熊蜂的访花行为机制,提高传粉农业生产。

Pollination is an essential strategy for seed production and genetic diversity of plants.As important pollinating insects,bumblebees play a significant role not only in the pollination of wild and endangered plants,but also in facility crop pollination due to their unique foraging behavior and pollinating characteristics.Although a lot of researches on foraging behavior of bumblebees have been reported,there is a lack of systematic summary as for process,characteristics and pattern,behavioral strategy,influencing factors of the foraging behavior,and the influence on the pollination efficiency among plants.Therefore,in this article we attempt to provide a detailed review on the above mentioned aspects.Foraging behavior of bumblebees is a behavioral process that integrates going out of nest,taking in nectar and collecting pollen.Bumblebees would make use of various behavioral strategies according to the distribution of food resource in order to obtain the maximization of net energy.Ecological factors such as light,temperature and humidity can influence the foraging behavior of bumblebees.In addition,factors from plant such as color,morphology,scent of flower and food nutritional status would exert an impact on the foraging behavior of bumblebees.Some other factors such as social information,microorganisms in intestinal system of bumblebees,pathogens and insect pests,and competitors of foraging can all impact their foraging behavior through physiological regulation.In addition,interspecific and intraspecific competition can affect the foraging behavior of bumblebees.As an essential part of pollination,foraging behavior of bumblebees would also influence the pollination efficiency,and further impact fruit set,seed set and fruit quality.Currently,the foraging behavior of bumblebee has been managed in many ways to improve pollination efficiency in greenhouses.In summary,the researches about foraging behavior help to understand the pollinating function and process and provide a basis for the application of artificial domestication of bumblebees in facility crop pollination.However,according to the current research status in combination with the effects of factors such as climate change and pesticide application,a lot of scientific problems related to foraging behavior of bumblebees should be further studied,e.g.the genetic basis of floral preference,ecological response of foraging behavior,mechanism of coevolution with plants,impact from climate change and pesticide application and adaptive mechanism of bumblebees.Research on these issues will promote further understanding of the mechanism of foraging behavior and improve pollinating agricultural production.