儒衣侠心:朝鲜北学派的清代满族认知建构及其影响

Confucianists and the Chivalrous Mind: The Cognitive Construction and Influence of the Manchu Nationality in the Qing Dynasty of the North Korean School

朝鲜王朝深受明清鼎革的冲击,尽管出于传统事大主义的外交惯性而对明清两代恪守宗藩礼数,但其对二者的文化心态却存在着极大的差异,尤其区分“大国”与“上国”之概念,视清为霸者而非仁者。至朝鲜王朝后期,主张效仿清朝文治武功、具有现实主义色彩的北学思想逐渐成为一种社会思潮。朝鲜北学派文人以其使行中国的经历为基础,著书立说,对满族历史与文化进行了详尽的介绍,修正了朝鲜国内的相关讹误。北学派对传统华夷观的解构同朝鲜王朝事大外交相呼应,客观上为清朝的正统性与合法性进行了合理化叙述。在朝鲜北学派文人的眼中,满族具有崇文且尚武、侠客亦骚人的双重形象。不仅如此,北学派文人与满族文人之间的交游亦不同程度地涉及清代时政要闻、宗教政策与满汉关系等内容,为朝鲜王朝决策层全面掌握清朝各种政策和制度之优劣提供了重要的资料。

The Korean Dynasty was deeply impacted by the revolution of the Ming and Qing dynas⁃ties.Although it adhered to the rules of suzerain and vassal etiquette for the Ming and Qing dynasties due to the diplomatic inertia of the traditional doctrine of great importance,its cultural attitudes towards the two were greatly different,especially the distinction between the concepts of“the powerful country”and“the superior country”,and regarded the Qing Dynasty as a hegemon rather than a benevolent one.On the basis of their experience in China,the scholars of the North Korean School wrote books and theories,introduced the history and culture of the Manchu nationality in detail,and corrected the relevant errors in Korea.The deconstruction of the traditional view of Chinese and foreigners by the North School echoes the great diplo⁃macy of the Korean Dynasty,and objectively rationalizes the legitimacy and legitimacy of the Qing Dynasty.In the eyes of scholars of the North Korean School,the Manchu nationality has the dual image of advocating literature and martial arts,and chivalrous and coquettish.Not only that,the communication between the scholars of the Northern School and the Manchu scholars also involved the current political news of the Qing Dynasty,the religious policy and the relationship between Manchu and Han in varying degrees,provid⁃ing important information for the decision-making level of the Korean Dynasty to comprehensively grasp the advantages and disadvantages of various policies and systems of the Qing Dynasty.