深度学习究竟是什么——来自历史、共时和未来维度的探问

What Deep Learning Exactly Is--Inquiries from Historical,Synchronic and Future Dimensions

从历史沿革探察,对浅层加工和深度加工的探讨开启深度学习研究端绪,深度学习产生之后,经由人工智能热点事件助推“成名”,已成为多国教育改革的一面“旗帜”。从共时视野探析,以家族相似理论解读,深度学习是一个横跨多领域的“复数”概念,使得关于学习的认识从重视认知维度拓展到兼顾知情意等多维度、从注重学习方式改进拓展到观照整体学习活动优化、从强调知识继承拓展到追求知识创造、从聚焦个体拓展到关注文化境脉。展望未来,启动超学科研究以“新型共通问题”统整多领域研究,有利于深度学习持续生成发展并展现出新样态。同时,需要避免将深度学习作为时髦“标签”肆意滥用的倾向,也要避免将“浅层学习”与“浅层学习取向”相混淆,并将深度学习与浅层学习理解为“互斥”关系的误区,明晰深度学习在目标、内容、教师教学与评估等方面的要求,持续促成浅层学习转化为深度学习,进而在一定程度上扭转教育功利化倾向,祛除重育分轻育人痼疾,助力育人方式改革和学生核心素养发展。

Based on a historical review,a probe into surface-and deep-level processing has initiated the research into deep learning.After the concept of deep learning was coined,boosted by the hot events about artificial intelligence,deep learning has become a"banner"of educational reforms in many countries.From a synchronic perspective,deep learning can be interpreted with the theory of family resemblances,and viewed as a"plural"concept spanning multiple fields.Deep learning promotes people's understanding of learning,from focusing on cognition to taking into account multiple dimensions such as cognition,emotion and volition,from concentrating on the improvement of learning approaches to heeding the holistic optimization of learning activities,from emphasizing knowledge inheritance to pursuing knowledge creation,and from focusing on individuals to attaching importance to their cultural contexts.In the future,the start of transdisciplinary research and the integration of multiple fields with"new common issues"will help deep learning attain sustainable development and take on new forms.At the same time,we need to avoid the tendency to abuse deep learning as a fashionable"label,"the confusion between"surface learning"and"surface-oriented learning,"and the misunderstanding that they are"mutually exclusive."Also,we need to clarify the needs of deep learning in its objectives,content,teaching and assessment,and lead surface learning into deep learning,thus changing the trend toward utilitarianism in education,eliminating the chronic disease of paying more attention to test scores than to talent cultivation,and promoting the reform of educational modes and the development of students key competencies.