赋权模式下数据权利的保护与限制

The Protection of and Limitation on Data Rights in the Mode of Empowerment

数字经济时代,赋权模式能够激励数据领域的投资与创新。数据权利的行使与保护,不仅关涉原始数据来源者的利益,也关涉原始数据持有者的利益和数据处理者的利益。所以,数据产权制度的构建需要巧妙地权衡数据保护与利用、集中与流通、数量与质量、私益与公益的关系。数据立法的应然路径是通过法律确认数据的财产属性与保护范围,明晰数据产权与个人信息权益的并存与依附关系,数据持有者基于其在数据采集存储、保障安全等方面的投资而对数据集合享有支配权和收益权。在数据爬取与挖掘问题上,保护数据主体的相关权益不受侵犯的同时,还需为数据权利的行使设定限制,以保障数据的流动性所产生的价值。在制度构建时,应就公共数据与非公共数据、公开数据与非公开数据、原始数据与衍生数据进行区别对待,设计精细化的默示许可、合理使用和防止权利滥用规则来划定权利边界、促成数据交易并保障公平竞争。

In the era of digital economy, the empowerment mo de can stimulate the investment and innovation in the field of data. The exercise and protection of data right not only concerns the interests of the sources of raw data, but also the interests of the holders of raw data and the interests of the data processors. Therefore, the establishment of data property right system needs to skillfully weigh the relations between data protection and utilization, data concentration and circulation, data quantity and quality, private interests and public benefits. The appropriate approach to data legislation is to confirm the property nature of data and the protection scope by law, to clarify the coexistence and dependent relationship between data property right and personal information right. Data holders have the rights to control and benefit from the data aggregation based on their investments in data collection, storage, security, etc. In such issues as data crawling and mining, while protecting the relevant rights of data controllers from infringement, it is also necessary to set restrictions on the exercise of data right, in order to ensure the value generated by the mobility of data. When constructing the systems, it is necessary to treat differently the public data and the non-public data, the open data and the non-open data, the raw data and the derivative data, to design refined and implied licensing, to reasonably use rights and prevent the rights from abusing rules to delineate the boundary of rights, to facilitate data transactions, and to ensure fair competition.