利安当与“中国礼仪之争”

Antonio de Santa Maria Caballero and the Chinese Rites Controversy

“中国礼仪之争”是中西关系史上的重大历史事件,围绕中国礼仪的合法性问题,多个来华天主教修会、罗马教廷、清廷乃至法国启蒙思想界都卷入这一旷日持久的争议之中。本文拟以在“礼仪之争”中扮演重要角色的托钵会士利安当在华活动为线索,一方面聚焦于反对耶稣会文化适应政策的一派来反思这一历史事件爆发的原因,另一方面基于利安当主要的中外文著述来考察其儒学观的转变,试图厘清他与同为反对派的龙华民之间观点的差异及其来华后期向“利玛窦路线”的靠拢,以期进一步揭示对中国礼仪持不同立场的来华传教士之间,既存在有目共睹的批评斗争,又在中国汉语神学的术语建构及书写践行上保持着密切合作。

The Chinese Rites Controversy is a significant historical event in Sino-Western relations.Centering on the legitimacy of Chinese rites,many Catholic religious orders in China,the Holy See,the Qing imperial court and even French Enlightenment circles were all involved in this long-drawn-out controversy.Based on the activities of Antonio de Santa Maria Caballero in China,who was regarded as an initiator of this controversy,this paper focuses on the opponents against the acculturation policy of the Jesuits and tries to rethink in depth the causes of the outbreak of the Controversy.Moreover,based on Caballero’s main Chinese and other language writings,this paper examines the transformation of his Confucianism to clarify the differences between the views of Caballero and those of his most famous Jesuit opponent NiccolòLongobardo,and his approach to“Matteo Ricci’s line”in his later period in China,so that we can reveal that among the missionaries in China with different positions on Chinese rites,there were not only obvious conflicts and criticisms,but also close cooperation in the creation of terminology and theological writing in the Chinese language.