刑法“明知”的规范分析及司法认定

Normative Analysis and Judicial Determination of"Knowing"in Criminal Law

认识因素的考察在犯罪故意的认定中至关重要。在《刑法》表述中,认识因素一般体现为“明知”。但是,总则与分则中的“明知”并不完全相同,分则中的“明知”既不是“故意”的专属心理表现形式,也不需达到百分百的认识。在认定分则中的“明知”时,需要合理确定“明知”的边界。为避免因对“明知”理解不统一而造成的适用难题,应在罪过形式和认识程度两方面做出解释,厘清《刑法》总则与分则之间的差异性,进而回归到个罪的适用语境下做出科学、恰当的阐明。

When determining criminal intention,the investigation of cognitive factors is crucial.In the expression of criminal law,the cognitive factor is generally embodied as"knowing".However,the"knowing"in the general provisions of criminal law is not the same as that in the specific provisions.The"knowing"in the specific provisions is neither an intentional and exclusive form of psychological expression,nor does it need to reach 100%understanding.When determining the"knowing"in the sub-rule,it is necessary to reasonably determine the boundary of"knowing".In order to avoid the application problems caused by the non-uniform understanding of"knowing",it is necessary to make an explanation in the form of crime and the degree of understanding,clarify the differences between the general provisions and the specific provisions of criminal law,and then return to the applicable context of individual crimes to make a scientific and appropriate explanation.