财政压力、税收征管与劳动收入份额——来自财政“省直管县”改革的证据

Fiscal Pressure,Tax Enforcement and Labor Share—Evidence from the Fiscal Reform of“Province-Managing-County”

提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重以促进共同富裕是“十四五”规划就收入分配和共同富裕问题做出的明确政策指向。以财政“省直管县”改革为准自然实验,使用工业企业数据和双重差分模型识别市级政府财政压力对企业劳动收入份额的影响。研究发现,改革使市政府辖区内企业的劳动收入份额显著上升。机制分析表明,改革引致的财政压力激励市级政府加强税收征管,提高了企业实际所得税税率、劳动密集度,最终提高劳动收入份额。进一步分析发现,改革效果仅体现在所得税由地税局负责征管的企业;同时,改革的影响在税基窄、土地财政能力弱、税收征管强度弱的地区更为明显。此研究有助于解读“压力型”财政激励下地方政府的应对策略及要素收入分配格局的变化。

Increasing the proportion of labor income in the primary distribution and promoting common prosperity are the important instructions of the“14th Five-Year Plan”on income distribution and common prosperity.This paper takes the fiscal reform of“Province-Managing-County”(PMC)as a quasi-natural experiment,using Chinese industrial enterprise data and a differences-in-differences model to identify the impact of municipal government fiscal pressure on the labor share of enterprises.We find that the reform has significantly increased the labor share of enterprises in the municipal government area.We also find that the fiscal pressure caused by the reform has encouraged municipal governments to strengthen tax enforcement,which has increased the actual income tax rate and labor intensity of enterprises and ultimately increased the labor income share.Furthermore,we document that the reform only affects the enterprises whose income tax is collected and managed by the local taxation bureau.Meanwhile,the reform effects are more pronounced in cities with a narrower tax base,weaker land fiscal capacity,and weaker tax enforcement.This paper is helpful to interpret the coping strategies of local governments and the changes in the distribution pattern of factor income under the“pressure”financial incentives.