孟子政治哲学的道德直觉主义基础

The Moral Intuitionist Basis of Mencius' Political Philosophy

在近代以来的中国哲学研究中,梁漱溟等人指出中国哲学具有直觉主义的特性,并多依据孟子的哲学思想进行论证。借助西季威克的道德直觉主义方法,可以直觉主义来诠释孟子的道德哲学,以及其与政治哲学的关系。孟子的道德直觉主义基于其四心之说,“仁义礼智”四心中,“智”具有一种直觉的认知能力,为四心之直觉倾向奠定了普遍基础;而“仁”统四心,又使四心之直觉有了向外延伸的扩展能力。以“四心”为根基的道德直觉主义,在孟子哲学中的最终通途,是达到致王道的理想政治,这就使其政治哲学亦含有直觉主义之倾向。这一直觉主义倾向,构成了后世儒学制度化与儒学权威化之间的一种张力。

In the study of Chinese philosophy since modern times,Liang Shuming and others have pointed out that the Chinese philosophy has the characteristics of intuitionism,especially many based on the arguments of Mencius' philosophical thought.With the view of Sidgnick's thought,the moral intuitionism can be used to interpret Mencius' moral philosophy and its relationship to political philosophy.Mencius' moral intuitionism is based on his “Four Hearts”—benevolence( 仁),righteousness(义),propriety( 礼) and wisdom( 智).The “wisdom” which is having an intuitive cognitive ability that lays the universal foundation for the intuitive tendencies of the “Four Hearts”.The “benevolence” unifies the “Four Hearts”,and makes the intuition of the “Four Hearts” have the ability to extend outward.The ultimate path of moral intuitionism based on the “Four Hearts” in Mencius' philosophy leads to reach the ideal politics( 王道),which makes its political philosophy also have an intuitive tendency.This intuitionistic tendency impacts the later Confucian in a tension between institutionalization of Confucianism and the authority of Confucianism.