12~15岁青少年纵跳能力特征及其与身体形态的相关性

Association of vertical jump performance with anthropological variables among adolescents aged 12-15

目的探讨12~15岁青少年纵跳能力的年龄与性别特征,分析纵跳能力与身体形态的相关性。方法采用区域分层方法选取中国9省(市)15所中学的12~15岁青少年1280名,采用Smartjump纵跳测试系统测量半蹲跳高度(SJ-H)、下蹲跳高度(CMJ-H)、左腿下蹲跳高度(LCMJ-H)、右腿下蹲跳高度(RCMJ-H),通过CMJ-H和SJ-H的比值计算出离心利用率(EUR)。测量受试者的身高、体重、体质量指数(BMI)、小腿围和足长5项身体形态指标。分析12~15岁青少年纵跳能力的年龄和性别特征,以及与身体形态指标间的相关性。结果男生纵跳高度随年龄增加而上升,12~15岁SJ-H(29.3~37.0 cm)、CMJ-H(30.8~39.9 cm)、LCMJ-H(15.1~19.2 cm)、RCMJ-H(14.8~18.9 cm)呈上升趋势。而女生纵跳高度仅有14与13岁之间差异有统计学意义,14岁SJ-H(25.3 cm)、CMJ-H(27.0 cm)高于13岁(24.5,26.1 cm)(t值分别为2.01,2.19,P值均<0.05);男生SJ-H、CMJ-H、LCMJ-H、RCMJ-H均优于女生,且随着年龄的增长性别差异逐渐加大;EUR在各年龄男、女生间差异均无统计学意义(1.06~1.09)(t值分别为-0.11~0.94,P值均>0.05);偏相关分析显示,全体12~15岁青少年SJ-H、CMJ-H、LCMJ-H、RCMJ-H与身高(r=0.38~0.43)、足长(r=0.22~0.29)存在中、低度相关,与体重(r=-0.17~-0.14)存在低度负相关(P值均<0.01)。结论12~15岁男生纵跳高度随年龄增加而上升,而女生14岁之后纵跳高度无增长趋势,12~15岁青少年纵跳能力与身高、体重、足长存在显著相关性;较大的体重对纵跳能力会产生限制作用。

Objective To explore characteristics of vertical jump ability by age and gender and its correlation with anthropological variables among adolescents aged 12-15.Methods A total of 1280 adolescents aged 12-15 years were recruited from 15 middle schools in 9 provinces and cities in China.The Smartjump contact mat,an assessing vertical jump system,was used to measure the squat jump height(SJ-H),countermovement jump height(CMJ-H),left-leg countermovement jump height(LCMJ-H)and right-leg countermovement jump height(RCMJ-H).The eccentric utilization ratio(EUR)was calculated as the ratio between CMJ-H and SJ-H.Data on height,weight,body mass index(BMI),calf circumference,and foot length of participants were collected.The differences in vertical jump ability by age and gender were compared by using a one-way ANOVA and the correlation between vertical jump ability and anthropological variables was analyzed by using a partial correlation analysis.Results The SJ-H(29.3-37.0 cm),CMJ-H(30.8-39.9 cm),LCMJ-H(15.1-19.2 cm)and RCMJ-H(14.8-18.9 cm)increased significantly with age among boys aged 12-15.But among girls,only the SJ-H and CMJ-H significantly increased in the 14-year-old group(SJ-H:25.3 cm,CMJ-H:27.0 cm)compared to the 13-year-old(24.5,26.1 cm)(t=2.01,2.19,P<0.05).Additionally,boys performed better on the SJ-H,CMJ-H,LCMJ-H,and RCMJ-H,and this sex difference increased with age.There was no significant difference in EUR between boys and girls at different ages(1.06-1.09)(t=-0.11-0.94,P>0.05).The partial correlation analysis showed that SJ-H,CMJ-H,LCMJ-H,and RCMJ-H had low to moderate positive correlations with height(r=0.38-0.43),foot length(r=0.22-0.29)while low negative correlation with weight(r=-0.17-0.14)(P<0.01).Conclusion The vertical jump performance increases with age among boys aged 12-15,while girls hardly increase until over the age of 14.The vertical jump performance is significantly associated with height,weight,and foot length and is restricted by greater weight among adolescents aged 12-15 years.