清代内务府与政府管理机构在奉先殿祭祀中的职责研究

A Study of the Duties of Imperial Household Department and Administrative Institutions of Qing Dynasty in Sacrificial Rituals in the Imperial Hall for Ancestry Worship

清代奉先殿于顺治十四年建成,是清朝皇家为先祖举行岁时荐新、朔望祭祀等活动的场所,为皇家私家所属.由于地处内廷,奉先殿的管理是皇家事务机构与中央国家管理机构联合协作,因此其联动模式及权责支配尚缺深入讨论.内务府及各部处的档案,以及官方编纂的历朝实录、会典和法规等,反映了清代皇家管理机构与政府管理机构的分工决定了奉先殿仪式在仪轨、文本、执行等层面的分离,体现了宫廷祭祀在清代官僚机制的作用下协同治事的面貌.其中,内务府为主管机构,太常寺为礼仪专家,礼部协同国家及皇家官署治事并制定礼法,内阁大学士及其他文学性官员作为文辞书写者,共同延续中国礼乐制度.

In the fourteenth year of the reign of Emperor Shunzhi(1657),the Imperial Hall for Ancestry Worship(Fengxian Dian)was built for performing ritual ceremonies and daily offering for ancestors of the Manchu rulers.Located in the inner part of the forbidden city,the Hall was co-managed by institutions of imperial affairs and departments of the Cen-tral Government,but how it was managed and how the rights and duties were divided among these institutions remain to be discovered.After studying the files of the Imperial Household Department and official documents of the Qing Dynasty as well as other early documents,the author thinks that the work division between imperial administration and government adminis-tration determined the ceremonies in the Hall were divided in terms of the ritual,the text and execution,which reveals the coordination between bureaucracies of the Qing Dynasty in ritual ceremonies,in which the Imperial Household Department served as the competent organization,Taichang Si(Chamberlain for Ceremonies)was in charge of the protocol,the Minis-try of Rites collaborated with the state and Imperial agencies to formulate laws and regulations on rites,and the Cabinet scholars and other officials wrote relevant rhetorical texts,thus carrying forward the Chinese tradition of rites.