二战前后日本社会的思想“转向”--“思想的科学研究会”编《转向》述论

The Ideological“Conversion”of Japanese Society before and after World War II--Review of Conversion Edited by“Scientific Research Society of Thought”

以鹤见俊辅为首的“思想的科学研究会”的合作研究成果《转向》(上卷,1959;中卷,1960;下卷,1962)由平凡社出版,在日本学术界引起强烈反响。该书赋予的“转向”定义为“在权力强制下发生的思想变化”,它在学术界公认的1933年共产主义者放弃反体制反战争立场而发生“古典式”思想转向基础上,提出以1940年、1945年和1952年为巅峰的三次转向观点,形成独特的昭和时期“四次转向论”,进而,它又通过对激进主义、自由主义、保守主义、国家主义等不同思想流派转向者的案例分析,阐述了历次“转向”的性质、特征和影响。该书在转向理论建构上的创意,主要在于提示了以“权力强制”为前置条件的视角,其以1940年为巅峰的“翼赞转向”论,指出了自由民主主义者屈从于极权主义的本质特征,从而将日本1931~1945年公权强制下国民思想一再右转与不断扩大对外侵略战争有机地联系在一起,深化了思想史研究的内涵。《转向》一书的缺憾在于,在所谓的学术自由原则下,回避了对转向现象及转向者做出是非曲直的价值判断;将不同“向度”(向“右转”或向“左转”)的四次转向一并列为研究对象,看似体现了研究的系统性,实则有研究泛化、冲淡研究重点之嫌;将法西斯体制主要设计者近卫文麿等视为“伪装转向者”的失当,表明研究者对转向理论认识还存在盲区;书写方面也存在内容重复、偏离主题、论述似是而非等现象。故此,《转向》可谓是锐意探索新问题的劳作,但却称不上是逻辑严谨的力作。

The collaborative research result of the“Scientific Research Society of Thought”headed by Shunsuke Tsurumi Conversion(Volume 1,1959;Volume 2,1960;Volume 3,1962)was published by Hebonsha,which aroused strong repercussions in Japanese academic circles.The book defines“conversion”as“a change of thought that occurs under the coercion of power”.On the basis of the“classical”ideological conversion that occurred in 1933 when the communists gave up their anti-system and anti-war stance recognized by the academic circles,they put forward the viewpoint of three conversions with the peaks in 1940,1945 and 1952,forming a unique the Four Conversions theory of“Showa period”.The book expounds the nature,characteristics,and influence of each“Conversion”through case analysis of different schools of thought,such as radicalism,liberalism,conservatism,and nationalism.The book’s originality mainly lies in the perspective that takes“power coercion”as a preconditionfor theoretical construction.It believes that 1940 is the peak of the“Yokusan conversions”theory,and points out the essential characteristics of liberal democrats’subservience to totalitarianism,and therefore,it links“Japan’s continual rightward turn of national thought during 1931-1945”and“Japan’s expanding war of foreign aggression”,which deepens the connotation of intellectual history research.The shortcomings of Conversion are as follows,based on the so-called academic freedom principle;it avoids making value judgments on the phenomenon of turning and those who have turned.It is suspected of generalizing the research and diluting the focus of the research;it is inappropriate to regard the main designers of the fascist system such as Fumimaro Konoe as“disguised a convert”;there are also duplication of content,deviation from the theme,and plausible arguments in writing.Therefore,Conversioncan be described as a work of exploring new issues,but it cannot be regarded as a masterpiece of rigorous logic.