海事行政处罚中“主观过错”条款的理解和适用

Understanding and Application of the"Subjective Fault"Clause in Maritime Administrative Penalty

2021年7月15日起施行的新修订《行政处罚法》中新增“主观过错”条款,但是在海事行政处罚中对如何正确理解和适用该原则并没有可以参考的统一标准。通过类比刑法、民法相关规定和原则,从法理层面去解构分析“主观过错”条款,继而分析讨论实务中海事行政违法行为构成要件、自由裁量、归责原则、责任能力、举证责任、证据管理等关键问题,提出海事行政处罚中正确适用该条款的注意事项。

The"subjective fault"clause was added to the newly amended Administrative Punishment Law which has been implemented since July 15,2021,but there is no unified standard for reference as to how to correctly understand and apply this principle in maritime administrative punishment.Based on the analogy of the criminal law,rules and principles of the civil law,this paper analyzes the"subjective fault"clauses from the legal theory perspective and the key issues concerning illegal maritime administrative acts in practice,such as the constitutive elements,discretion,imputation principle,liability capacity,burden of proof and evidence management.Based on the above,it puts forward considerations for properly applying this clause in maritime administrative punishment.