从评价副词的习得看儿童评价表达的发展

A Corpus Driven Study on Development of Children’s Evaluative Expression from the Perspective of the Acquisition of Evaluative Adverbs

评价是儿童语用能力的关键之一,评价表达是观测儿童语用发展的一个重要窗口。本文基于多个儿童语料库中的评价副词用例,选取使用频次相对较高的“原来、反正、到底、正好、明明”5个评价副词为代表,描写其核心语义与典型功能的初始习得及其校准调试和拓展完善的过程,微观刻画儿童评价表达的发展。作为抽象语法成分的评价副词出现在儿童进入成人语言体系之后,主要始现于3~4岁的幼儿期,其语言体系已经演化出执行概念功能和人际功能,这些副词的评价意义是儿童在互动中构建、在认知中转化、在语用中塑造的。应该在多样语言生活、多元语言功能以及多面的语言教育中进一步开展儿童评价表达研究,改善儿童的语言发展,提升儿童的思维能力,促进儿童的性格塑造。

Evaluation is one of the key pragmatic profi ciency of children,and evaluation expression is an important lens for observing children’s pragmatic development.Based on fi ve typical and relatively highly used evaluative adverbs as samples,this paper attempts to describe the children’s initial acquisition of core semantics and typical functions,as well as the process of calibration,adjustment,expansion and improvement.There fi ve adverbs,namely,yuanlai‘turn out to be’,fanzheng‘anyway’,daodi‘after all’,zhenghao‘by coincidence/fortunately’,mingming‘obviously/plainly’,were collected through exhaustive extraction from three diachronic corpora.The purpose of this research is to conduct an in-depth and meticulous depiction of the development of children’s evaluation expression in pragmatic performance in a detailed manner.As an abstract grammatical element,evaluative adverbs appear in the early childhood period of 3–4 years old when children start to develop an adultlike language system.At this stage,children’s language system has evolved to a point of performing both conceptual and interpersonal functions,and the evaluative meaning of these adverbs is constructed by children in interaction,transformed in cognition and shaped up in pragmatics.Future research on children’s evaluation expression should be conducted in diverse communicative settings,multiple linguistic functions,and multi-dimensional language education,thus enables us to improve children’s language development,enhance their thinking abilities,and promote their character cultivation.