我国现行知识产权制度框架下的非物质文化遗产保护

Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage in China’s Intellectual Property System

非物质文化遗产具有内涵上的复杂性、时间和空间上的传承性和包容性、文化来源上的代表性,与当前的知识产权法律体系并不完全契合。我国司法实践中以商标法和反不正当竞争法保护非物质文化遗产并积累了有益经验,基本实现有法可依;以著作权法保护非物质文化遗产中的民间文学艺术作品,取得了一定社会效果,但在权利的主体和内容上有待进一步厘清。建议在法理或立法上明确非物质文化遗产名称权、标志权的概念,对其适用标志性知识产权法律和反不正当竞争法的保护;非物质文化遗产的民间文学艺术作品中具有特色的表现手法和风格应属于著作权法意义上受保护的表达形式,赋予其署名权、修改权和保护作品完整权等著作人身权,同时建立相应的公益诉讼和救济制度;立法规定非物质文化遗产中的技术方案享有“技术信息来源披露权”,并将其作为一种人身权加以保护。

Intangible cultural heritage refers to those complex intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations,and maintained in the present.Current intellectual property laws cannot protect all the values of the intangible cultural heritage.In China’s judicial practice,the trademark law and the anti-unfair competition law can serve as a basis for the protection of intangible cultural heritage to some extent,and copyright law can protect some of the folk literature and art works.However,issues such as right owners and the right contents are often confusing.It is necessary that rights of name and sign of intangible cultural heritage should be recognized in theory or legislation,and intellectual property laws on signs and anti-unfair competition laws should be applied to them.The original expressive characters and styles of the folk literature and art works should be judged as expressions protected by copyright law,and personal rights such as the rights of authorship,revision and integrity of works should be available to them.Meanwhile,the system of public interest litigation and relief should also be established for them.As a personal right,“disclosure right of technical information sources”should be stipulated to protect intangible cultural heritage where technical solutions are withdrawn.