SARS-CoV-2在环境中的感染性及在法医实践中的意义

Environmental infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and its significance in the practice of forensic medicine

由新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引起的新冠肺炎(COVID-19)已经在全球多个国家广泛流行2年余。据世界卫生组织统计2020、2021年全球因新冠死亡的人数分别为180万和350万,此外还有千百万人正在应对该病毒带来的长期影响。尽管世界各国为控制COVID-19流行及其病原体(SARS-CoV-2)的传播做出了前所未有的努力,但确诊病例的数量却一直在大幅地增加。公众健康受到重大威胁的同时,社会的运行效率也受到了严重影响,导致就业困难、失业等一系列社会问题。因此,迫切需要制定更高效精准的防控措施,尽可能减轻疫情对社会和公众的影响。事实上防控措施的效率和精准性主要取决于对新型冠状病毒的传播途径、稳定性以及感染性的了解。本综述通过对新型冠状病毒的基因组及其蛋白结构、病毒稳定性及感染性的检测方法、在不同载体中的稳定性和感染性及其影响因素等方面文献的梳理,展现现阶段相关研究的进展,澄清不客观的说法,促进相关研究工作的进步,为法医学安全检验提供数据支持。

The novel coronavirus pneumonia(COVID-19)caused by the novel coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2)has been widely prevalent in many countries around the world for more than two years.According to the statistics from World Health Organization,1.8 million people worldwide have died of the COVID-19 in 2020,and 3.5 million in 2021.Moreover,millions more are dealing with the long-term effects of the virus.Despite unprecedented efforts by countries around the world to control the COVID-19 epidemic and the spread of its pathogen(SARS-CoV-2),the number of confirmed cases has been increasing substantially.While public health is under major threat,the operational efficiency of society is seriously affected as well,leading to a series of social problems,such as employment difficulties and unemployment.Therefore,there is an urgent need to formulate more efficient and precise prevention and control measures to minimize the impact of the epidemic on society and the public.Actually,the efficiency and accuracy of prevention and control measures mainly depend on the understanding of the transmission route,stability and infectivity of the new coronavirus.Therefore,we discussed the genome structure of SARS-COV-2,the detection methods for the stability and infectivity of the virus,and its stability and infectivity in different vectors and their influencing factors.This paper will review the development of relevant research at the present stage,clarify unobjective claims,promote the progress of relevant research work,and provide data support for forensic safety inspection.