美国基础设施领域的公私合作治理——以制定法为线索

Public-Private Partnership Governance in US Infrastructure:Take Statute as a Clue

在美国基础设施建设领域跨越四个世纪的历史变迁中,私人部门参与公共事业的进程形成了公私合作模式。传统的美国制定法无法适应公私合作的创新与规范需求,经历了宪法禁止—司法突破—立法确权的治理逻辑变化,最终形成二元共治格局。联邦公私合作相关法律围绕州际贸易、公共福利等事务,以市场准入、金融支持、项目监管为主要内容,为推行公私合作消除联邦法律障碍和州法律隔阂。州公私合作相关法律围绕州内事务,以项目授权和操作流程为主要内容,决定当地是否开展公私合作项目以及开展的具体方式。未来美国或考虑制定联邦公私合作基本法,以促进治理体系稳定有效。

In a historical transition spanning four centuries in the US infrastructure sector, the process of private sector’s participation in public utilities was eventually condensed into a “public-private partnership”(PPP). Traditional US statutes cannot adapt to the needs of PPP innovation and regulation, and have gone through a governance logic change of “constitutional prohibition-judicial breakthrough-legislative confirmation of power”,and have finally formed a dual co-governance pattern. The federal PPP laws revolve around “interstate trade” and“public welfare,” with market access, financial support, and project supervision as the main content to eliminate federal and state legal barriers for the implementation of PPP. State PPP laws revolve around “intrastate affairs,”with project authorization and operational procedures as the main content to determine whether and how to carry out PPP projects locally. In the future, the US may consider formulating a federal PPP basic law to maintain the harmony of the governance system.