大数据治理技术与央地关系的优化——基于信息政治学视角的分析

Big-data Governance Technology and Optimization of Central-local Relations: Based on the Perspective of Information Politics

央地关系是中国国家治理的重要环节,对治理现代化的实现举足轻重。既有研究着重分析科层体系的相关因素对央地关系优化的影响,却鲜有研究系统考察信息属性的治理工具在此过程中的作用。作为一种全新的信息治理工具,大数据为国家治理带来全新机遇,相关治理技术在中国场景下应用,对央地关系有何影响?其内在作用逻辑是何?基于信息政治学,研究认为,信息不对称难题的存在使中国央地关系长期陷入“一统就死,一放就乱”的困境。而大数据具有获取更多维度、更广泛群体和内容真实信息的优势,理论上能帮助中央政府充分掌握信息、缓解信息不对称局面,从而优化中国的央地关系。大数据治理技术优化央地关系主要通过经济、技术和内容这三条路径。具体作用机制为:一是降低信息获取和运用成本,使缓解信息不对称具有可持续性,推动常态型优化;二是提升信息获取时效性,使克服信息不对称具有技术可行性,推动信息型优化;三是提升信息质量和真实性,使缓解信息不对称在内容上具有实质性,从而有助于从决策内容和质量方面实质地优化央地关系。因此,大数据治理技术发挥作用,有利于央地政府间最终实现良性互动和相互协作的新型关系模式,摆脱以往的循环怪圈。不同于既有文献,论文从信息维度出发,较为系统、深刻地揭示出央地关系内在张力的深层次逻辑,为优化央地关系提供全新的分析视角和理论解释,丰富了对大数据蕴含的相关治理意蕴的认识,同时也为实践中运用大数据技术提供政策启示。

The relationship between central and local governments is an important link in China s national governance and plays a pivotal role in the realization of governance modernization.Dealing with the relationship between central and local governments has always concerned scholars.Existing studies focus on analyzing the influence of relevant factors of hierarchical systems on the optimization of the central-local relationship.Few studies have systematically examined the role of governance tools for their information attributes in this process.As a new information governance tool,big data presents new opportunities for national governance.What are the implications of central-local relations as relevant governance technologies are applied in the Chinese context?Based on information politics,the research holds that information asymmetry between the central and local governments in China produces“unity will die,once released will fall into chaos”.However,big data has the advantage of acquiring more dimensions,encompassing wider groups,and presenting finer grained information.Theoretically,big data can help the central government grasp sufficient information,alleviate information asymmetry and optimize the central-local relationship.Big data governance technology optimizes the central-local relationship mainly through economic,technological,and content approaches.The specific action mechanism is as follows:first,it reduces the cost of information acquisition and application,alleviates the sustainability of information asymmetry,and optimizes central-local relationship in a normal way.Second,it improves the timeliness of information acquisition,making it feasible to overcome information asymmetry,and promote information optimization.Third,it improves the quality and authenticity of information,so that information asymmetry can be alleviated substantively and thereby optimize the central-local relationship.Therefore,with big data governance technology,the central and local governments can realize a new relationship model of benign interaction and cooperation and get rid of the previous cycle.Different from the existing literature,this study is based on information politics.It systematically clarifies the internal and deep logic of the central-local relationship from the information dimension.It provides a new analytical perspective and theoretical explanation for the optimization of central-local relationship.This study also enriches our understanding of relevant governance implications contained in big data technology and provides policy inspiration for applying big data in governance practice.