钙肥类型及施用时期对花生干物质积累量和产量的影响

Effects of calcium fertilizer types and application periods on growth,dry matter accumulation and yield of peanut

为探讨适宜酸性红壤和中性砂壤最佳钙肥类型及最佳施用时期,本研究以花育25号为材料,于2019~2020年设基施NaOH、CaO、CaSO_(4)和不施钙(CK)四种肥料处理,并在2019试验结果的基础上,2020年设钙肥基施、苗期、花针期和结荚期追肥处理,分别编号为CaO_(B),CaO_(S),CaO_(F),CaO_(P),研究不同土壤类型下钙肥类型及施用时期对花生农艺性状、干物质积累量、产量及其构成的影响。结果表明,增施钙肥明显改善花生农艺性状,但钙肥施用时期对花生农艺性状影响较小。施用CaO和CaSO_(4)处理显著增加了砂壤土和红壤花生干物质积累量,与CK相比,2019-2020年砂壤土花生干物质积累量分别增加16.1%~23.7%和13.8%~16.5%,红壤花生干物质积累量分别增加19.1%~24.7%和17.2%~19.5%;CaO处理花生干物质积累量高于CaSO_(4)处理,但差异不显著。两种土壤上花生干物质积累量均随施钙时期的推迟而逐渐减少,砂壤土CaO_(S)、CaO_(F)和CaO_(P)处理荚果干物质积累量与基施CaO相比,分别减少了11.8%、22.3%、26.9%,红壤土花生干物质积累量分别减少6.0%、14.3%、18.0%。钙肥通过提高单株饱果数,增加百果重与百仁重提高荚果产量,且以施用CaO处理增产效果最好,较CK和NaOH处理砂壤土上分别增产20.8%~38.7%、17.6%~35.8%;红壤土上分别增产24.9%~39.6%、19.1%~38.0%;CaSO_(4)处理与CK处理相比,砂壤土上荚果产量增加18.7%~30.3%,红壤土上增加23.7%~31.7%。CaO、CaSO_(4)处理的花生收获指数明显高于CK与NaOH处理。随CaO施用时期的推迟,不同土壤类型花生单株饱果数、百果重与百仁重显著降低,基施CaO处理花生荚果产量,在砂壤土上较CaO_(S)、CaO_(F)和CaO_(P)处理分别提高15.3%、33.3%、42.9%,在红壤上分别提高7.2%、18.9%、24.9%。CaO基施明显提高了花生的收获指数。综合考虑,两种土壤花生栽培中建议施用CaO,且施肥方式建议基施。

In order to explore the best calcium fertilizer type and application period for acid soil and neutral soil,Huayu 25 was used as experimental material to set up four fertilizer treatments:NaOH,CaO,CaSO_(4) and no cal⁃cium fertilizer(CK)from 2019 to 2020.Based on the results of 2019 experiment,topdressing treatments of calcium fertilizer at basal application,seedling stage,flowering stage and podding stage were set up in 2020,which were numbered as CaO_(B),CaO_(S),CaO_(F),CaO_(P),respectively.The effects of calcium fertilizer types and application period on agronomic characteristics,dry matter accumulation,yield and composition of peanut under different soil types were studied.The application of CaO and CaSO_(4) significantly increased the dry matter accumulation of peanut in sandy loam soil and red soil.Compared with CK,the dry matter accumulation of sandy loam soil peanuts increased by 16.1%-23.7%and 13.8%-16.5%,and the red soil peanut dry matter accumulation increased by 19.1%-24.7%and 17.2%-19.5%,respectively,from 2019 to 2020.The dry matter accumulation of peanut in CaO treatment was higher than that in CaSO_(4) treatment,but the difference was not significant.Compared with basal application of CaO,the dry matter accumulation of peanut gradually decreased with the delay of calcium application period,and the pod dry matter accumulation of CaO_(S),CaO_(F) and CaO_(P) treatment decreased by 11.8%,22.3%,26.9%(sandy loam soil)and 6.0%,14.3%,18.0%(red soil),respectively.Calcium fertilizer increased pod yield by increasing the number of full fruits per plant,hundred fruits weight and hundred kernel weight,and the effect of applying CaO was the best,which increased by 20.8%-38.7%,17.6%-35.8%(sandy loam soil)and 24.9%-39.6%,19.1%-38.0%(red soil),respectively,compared with CK and NaOH treatments.Compared with CK treatment,pod yield of CaSO_(4) treatment increased by 18.7%-30.3%(sandy loam soil)and 23.7%-31.7%(red soil),and the harvest index of CaO and CaSO_(4) treatments was significantly higher than that of CK and NaOH treatments.With the postponement of CaO ap⁃plication period,the number of full nuts per plant,hundred fruits weight and hundred kernel weight of peanut in dif⁃ferent soil types decreased significantly.Compared with CaO_(S),CaO_(F) and CaO_(P),peanut pod yield increased by 15.3%,33.3%,42.9%(sandy loam soil)and 7.2%,18.9%,24.9%(red soil),respectively.CaO basal application significantly increased peanut harvest index.In conclusion,CaO is recommended for peanut cultivation in the two soils,and the best fertilization method is basal application.