食疗中草药乳酸菌发酵与生物转化研究进展与展望

Research progress and prospects of lactic acid bacteria fermentation and biotransformation in Chinese dietary herbal medicine

食疗中草药发酵是在继承中药炮制学发酵法的基础上,结合现代生物工程而形成的新技术。食疗中草药按照安全性高低可分为四类,共361种。乳酸菌作为常用发酵剂,其酶系通过氢化、去糖基化、脱脂等反应增加、降低原有成分或形成新的化合物,结合乳酸菌自身丰富多样的次生代谢产物,达到多成分多靶点协同增效减毒的作用。相关部门先后发布9条公告来完善可用于食品、保健食品、婴幼儿食品的乳酸菌菌株名单,包括7个属32个菌种。食疗中草药乳酸菌发酵技术已在铁皮石斛、黄芪、三七、甘草、益母草、红参、陈皮、白芍、薏苡仁等药材或复方中应用,发酵过程受菌株、底物、pH、温度、时间、溶氧等因素影响,其多糖、苯丙素、黄酮、多酚等活性成分含量发生变化,呈现改善肠道、降脂、抗疲劳、抗炎、提高免疫等药理作用。未来还可从加强乳酸菌筛选及安全性、发酵增效减毒作用机制、生物转化综合利用等方向进行深入研究,促进中药现代化发展。

Fermentation of Chinese dietary herbal medicine is a new technology based on traditional fermentation processing in Chinese medicine and modern bioengineering.A total of 361 kinds of dietary herb can be divided into four categories according to the level of safety.As a commonly used starter,lactic acid bacteria can increase and reduce the original components or form new compounds through hydrogenation,deglycosylation,degreasing,and other reactions.In combination with their rich and diverse secondary metabolites,fermentation by lactic acid bacteria can achieve synergies by multi-components and multi-targets.Nine announcements were issued to improve the list of lactic acid bacteria that conld be used in food,functional,and infant food,including seven genera and 32 species.The fermentation of lactic acid bacteria has been applied in medicinal materials or formulas such as Dendrobh officinalis caulis,astragali radix,notoginseng radix et rhizoma,glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma,leonuri herba,ginseng radix et rhizoma rubra,citri reticulatae pericarpium,paeoniae radix alba,coicis semen,etc.The fermentation process is affected by factors including strain,substrate,pH,temperature,time,and dissolved oxygen.The content of active ingredients changes,such as polysaccharides,phenylpropanoid,flavonoids,and polyphenols,showing improvement of the intestinal tract,lipid-lowering,anti-fatigue,anti-inflammatory,improving immunity and other pharmacological effects.In future,further research can be carried out in screening and safety research of lactic acid bacteria,mechanism of fermentation synergism and detoxification,and comprehensive utilization of Chinese dietary herbal medicine by biotransformation to promote the modernization of Chinese herbal medicine.