辩证思维与恩格斯《费尔巴哈论》中的新世界观

Dialectical Thinking and the New Worldview of Engels’Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy

为把握习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论,有必要认真研究习近平对恩格斯的相关论述所作的多次引用和阐发。本文以恩格斯的《费尔巴哈论》为例展开讨论。人们误读了恩格斯在《费尔巴哈论》第二章开头关于哲学基本问题的论述,把它与恩格斯对宗教世界观的发展的论述分离开来。通读《费尔巴哈论》可以看出,恩格斯在其中批判的不仅是哲学世界观,而且是宗教世界观、伦理学世界观等一切作为意识形态的旧的世界观。作为《共产党宣言》的核心的基本指导思想,马克思和恩格斯的新世界观是唯物史观,而不是传统意义上的“哲学”。他们的理论工作并不是面向哲学家的,而是面向人民群众特别是工人阶级的。人民群众未必懂哲学,他们主要受宗教的影响。因此,马克思和恩格斯对宗教世界观的批判和超越在马克思主义发展史上的地位丝毫不亚于他们对哲学世界观的批判和超越。后来的辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义哲学,应当视为马克思和恩格斯的新世界观即唯物史观的发展形态,而不能与马克思和恩格斯的新世界观直接等同起来。

In order to grasp the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era,it is necessary to study carefully the multiple quotations and interpretations of Engels’relevant statements.With Engels’Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy as an example,his discussion on the basic questions of philosophy at the beginning of the second chapter of the book is misunderstood and separated from his statements on the development of the religious worldview.Reading through it,we can see that Engels criticizes not only the philosophical worldview but also other old ideological worldviews such as religious and ethical ones.As the basic guiding ideology of The Communist Manifesto,Marx and Engels’new worldview is historical materialism instead of“philosophy”in the traditional sense.Their theoretical work is not for philosophers but for the people,especially the working class.The people without knowledge of philosophy are mainly influenced by religion.Therefore,Marx and Engels’criticism and transcendence of the religious worldview is no less important than their criticism and transcendence of the philosophical worldview in the history of Marxism development.The later philosophy of dialectical and historical materialism should be regarded as the development form of Marx and Engels’new worldview(i.e.,the historical materialism)and cannot be directly equated with Marx and Engels’new worldview.