暴雨山洪监测技术研究进展与发展趋势

Research Progress and Development Trend of Heavy RainfallMonitoring Techniques During Flash Flood Process

山区局地降雨是诱发暴雨山洪的最主要因素,加强山区小流域雨量监测,分析致灾临界雨量指标值并及时发布有效预警信息,是降低山洪灾害损失的有效非工程手段。目前针对暴雨山洪灾害研究主要集中在短时临近预报预警领域,对山洪监测技术适用性研究不足,山洪暴发的时空尺度具有特异性,传统监测站网无法满足山区暴雨高强度短历时的监测需求,当前构建跨尺度山洪监测体系仍具有一定难度。针对山洪监测技术中雨量监测研究现状,评述了国内外雨量计、测雨雷达、卫星遥感、微波链路测雨及降雨融合技术研究进展。暴雨山洪监测技术虽然在不断发展,但单一监测传输手段及信息源将无法满足复杂山区环境的山洪监测要求,通过构建山洪立体监测技术体系,可为山洪过程模拟、洪灾风险评估及山洪预报预警提供实时雨量监测数据和技术支撑。

Local rainstorms is the most important factor that induces flash floods in mountainous areas.Effective non-engineering means to reduce flash flood losses includes strengthening rainfall monitoring in small watersheds,analyzing and calculating critical rainfall index values,and issuing effective warning information in time.Previous research on flash flood disasters mainly focuses on short-term near warning and prediction,paying little attention to monitoring technology for heavy rainfall typed flash floods.The spatial and temporal scale of flash flood outbreaks is specific,and traditional monitoring network cannot meet the monitoring requirements posed by high intensity and short duration of flash floods.Therefore,it is challenging to build a cross-scale flash flood monitoring system.This paper reviews the research progress of rainfall monitoring technology,including rain gauge,weather radar,satellite remote sensing,microwave link rain measurement,and rainfall fusion technology.Although flash flood monitoring technology is developing continuously,single monitoring transmission means and information sources cannot meet the requirements of flash flood monitoring in complex mountainous environments.In this paper,a three-dimensional monitoring technology system for flash floods can provide real-time rainfall monitoring data and technical support for flash flood process simulation,flood risk assessment,warning,and forecast.