个人数据的产权化与流通

Property Rights and Circulation of Personal Data

个人数据具有聚合的必要性和复制的便捷性两个特点,其对塑造公司间交易、交易所交易和消费者合同三种数据交易模式具有重要影响。三种以合同为主体的交易模式存在信息成本高、执行成本高、提供与保护数据激励不足的市场失灵问题,为此,需要通过对数据实行产权化来弥补现行法律解决数据权益问题的困境,并解决相应的市场失灵难题。将个人数据产权配置于个人,通过对《个人信息保护法》的剖析,运用“权利束”理论进一步推导和分析出个人对数据产权的具体权利。借鉴英美法系权利相对性理念和场景化工具来推动个人数据的流动,以促进个人数据的保护和利用。

Personal data are characterized by both the necessity of aggregation and the ease of reproduction,which have important implications for shaping the three data transaction models of intercompany transactions,exchange transactions,and consumer contracts.The three contract-based transaction models suffer from market failure in terms of high information costs,high enforcement costs,and insufficient incentives to provide and protect data.For this reason,it is necessary to compensate for the dilemma of the current law in addressing data rights and interests by applying property rights to data,and to solve the corresponding market failure problem.By applying the"bundle of rights"theory to the analysis of the Personal Information Protection Act,we further deduce and analyze the specific rights of individuals to data property rights.The concept of relativity of rights and scenario-based tools in the common law system are used to promote the flow of personal data,so as to promote the protection and utilization of personal data.