性别议题安全化研究——基于妇女、和平与安全议程的案例分析

The Complexity of Securitization of Gender:A Case Study of Women,Peace and Security Agenda

安全是国际关系研究的核心概念。20世纪90年代,哥本哈根学派提出具有建构主义特色的“安全化理论”。女性主义安全研究重视性别与安全的关系,认为安全化理论忽视了性别安全问题。以联合国安理会通过的第1325(2000)号决议为基石的妇女、和平与安全议程既是近二十年来形成的新国际安全规范,也是性别议题安全化的集中体现。1325号决议及其后续决议共同形成了妇女、和平与安全议程,使性别议题进入国际安全日程。对妇女参与、妇女权利和性暴力等性别议题的安全化或去安全化问题,受到多重因素的交叉性影响。在不同行为主体和各种因素的共同作用下,以安理会成员国特别是常任理事国围绕妇女、和平与安全议程进行的互动与辩论,推动了性别议题安全化的发展进程,既体现出“主体间的和由社会建构的”安全化问题的复杂性,也规范了安理会表决机制下安全化的程度和限度。性别议题安全化的发展前景亦具有一定的复杂性和多重可能性。

Security is one of the core concepts in international relations.Since the end of the Cold War,there have been new developments in security studies that are diametrically different from the traditional security researches centered on national military security.In the 1990s,the constructivist theory of securitization was put forward by the Copenhagen School.Feminist security studies attach great importance to the relationship between gender and security,arguing that the securitization theory of the Copenhagen School fails to include a concept of gendered security and has no concept of gender-based insecurity.With the joint efforts of all stakeholders,the UN Security Council resolution 1325(2000) and its subsequent resolutions established the Women,Peace and Security Agenda(WPS Agenda),and thus gender issues have been integrated into international peace and security agenda.Whether such gender issues as women's participation,women's rights and sexual violence are a matter of securitization or de-securitization is actually influenced by multiple intertwined factors.Under the comprehensive influences of different actors and various factors,the interactions and debates concerning the WPS Agenda among the members of the Security Council,especially its permanent members,have promoted the development process of securitization of gender issues,which not only demonstrates the complexity of “inter-subjective and socially constructed” securitization issues,but also regulates the degrees and limits of securitization under the Security Council's voting mechanism.The prospect for securitization of gender issues is also featured by complexity and multiple possibilities.