动物民法地位的四类重设与我国的应然选择

On the Four Kinds of Resets of the Civil Law Status of Animals and the Choice of Chinese Civil Code

在世界上有民法典的91个国家和地区中,有26个国家和地区的民法典重设了动物民法地位,4个国家正打算进行重设,形成一股潮流。所谓重设,就是不再把有生命的动物与无生命的物件等同。重设的模式有四类,即动物非物模式、动物有感生灵模式、特殊客体模式(又称全动物模式)、有限主体模式。一旦完成动物民法地位重设,民法整体必须经受或大或小的重构。动物非物模式重构较小,有限主体模式重构最大。我国《民法典》未完成动物地位重设,没有采纳我国学界提出的特殊客体模式、有限主体模式重构建议。未来的《民法典》应采用有感生灵模式重设动物地位,同时吸收其他模式的合理因素对民法典相关制度进行完善。

Among the 91 countries and regions with civil codes in the world,the civil codes of 26 countries and regions reset the status of animals in civil law,and 4 countries are planning to reset,forming a trend.The so-called reset means no longer equating living animals with inanimate objects.There are four reset modes,namely animal non-object mode,animal sentient being mode,special object mode(also known as full animal mode),and limited subject mode.Once the reset of the civil law status of animals is completed,the civil law as a whole must undergo a major or minor reconstruction.Animal non-object mode leads to a small reconstruction,and limited subject mode results in the largest reconstruction.Civil Code of China has not completed the reset of the status of animals,and has refused the suggestions,put forward by Chinese academic circles,of adopting the special object model and limited subject model.In my opinion,Civil Code of China should adopt the model of sentient beings to reset the status of animals in the future,and at the same time absorb reasonable factors from other models to carry out a comprehensive reform of the relevant systems of the Civil Code.