突发公共卫生事件中“吹哨”行为的法理逻辑——以新冠肺炎疫情为例

The Legal Logic of Whistle-blowing Behavior in Public Health Emergencies:Taking the COVID-19 Pandemic as an Example

“吹哨”行为以信息为基础,信息既可能是组织、个人的不法或不当行为,亦可能是独立于行为的纯客观事物,新冠疫情中的“吹哨”行为指向后者。突发公共卫生事件中的“吹哨”行为包括内部报告与外部披露行为,二者均属适格的“吹哨”行为。外部披露行为以《宪法》第35条的言论自由为其正当性基础,而内部报告行为则是在正确履行《传染病防治法》中的报告义务。另外,“吹哨”行为之所以可能,在于“吹哨人”对于信息的获取可能性及其自身良知的遵从。法律和执法均具有指引功能,我国未来的法律和执法应加强对“吹哨”行为的肯定、保护和激励,以更好实现保护公共利益的目的。

Whistle-blowing behavior is based on information,which may be illegal or improper behavior of organizations or individuals,or it may be purely objective things independent of behavior.Whistle-blowing in the case of COVID-19 refers to the latter.Whistle-blowing behavior in public health emergencies includes internal reporting and external disclosure,both of which are proper whistle-blowing behavior.The external disclosure behavior is based on the freedom of speech in Article 35 of the Constitution,while the internal reporting behavior is fulfilling the reporting obligation in the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Law.In addition,whistle-blowing behavior is possible because of the whistle-blower′s ability to obtain information and his or her own conscience.Both law and law enforcement have the function of guidance,and our future law and law enforcement should strengthen the affirmation,protection and incentive of whistle-blowing behavior,so as to better achieve the purpose of protecting public interests.