评桑德尔对罗尔斯正义观的批判——对《自由主义与正义的局限》的解读

On Sandel’s Criticism of Rawls’View of Justice:Interpretation of Liberalism and the Limits of Justice

桑德尔从四个方面对罗尔斯的正义观展开了批判,并提出了正当内在于善的论断。其一,罗尔斯假设的先行个体化的占有主体其实质还是康德的超验主体;其二,罗尔斯将人的自然天赋的分配看作共同财产与其所倡导的个人主义存在矛盾,没有认真对待个人的差异性;其三,原初状态中的善理论较弱,无知之幕太过于厚实,并且正义原则没有经受经验的检验;其四,正当并不优先于善观念而存在,而是存在于具体的善观念之中。桑德尔对罗尔斯自我观的批判动摇了自由主义的个人主义根基;对分配原则的批判误解了罗尔斯的正义论;正义原则最终还是要接受实际契约的检验;正当和善何者优先应该视具体的情况而定。

Sandel criticized Rawls’view of justice from four aspects,and put forward that right lies in good.First,Rawls’hypothesis that the pre-individualized possessor is essentially Kant’s transcendental subject;second,Rawls regarded the distribution of human natural talents as common property,which contradicted the individualism he advocated,and did not take personal differences seriously;third,the theory of good in the original position is weak,veil of ignorance is too thick,and the principle of justice has not been tested by experience;fourth,right does not exist before the idea of good,but exists in the concrete idea of good.Through analysis,it is found that Sandel’s criticism of Rawls’self-concept shakes the individualism foundation of liberalism;the criticism of distribution principle misunderstood Rawls’theory of justice;in the end,the principle of justice should be tested by the actual contract;what is right and what is good should take precedence depending on the specific situation.