从赋役规制到市场机制:明清福建永福县山场产权制度的演变

From the Taxes System to Market Mechanism:The Transformation of Mountain Land Property Rights in Yongfu County in Ming-Qing Period

山场确权存在“纳税控产”和“界址之争”两种形式,不同时期各有侧重。明中后期,赋役改革推动了山区生计模式的多元化转型,并使丁税成为山场的分配依据,山税作为法律凭证。清初摊丁入地后,山场失去分配依据,山林交易和纠纷日益增多。在山林经济繁荣的背景下,各家族强化对山场的集体控制,并以界址信息重建山场边界的排他性。这一演变过程的内在逻辑,是从国家赋役体系规制转向市场机制。丁税消失后,山税仅作为产权的法律凭证,而山场交易、家族控产所表达的主要是对经济权利的诉求,这是山场产权制度中法律权利弱化,经济权利凸显的表现。

The tax record and the boundary description are both important evidences in determining the property rights of mountain land.However,the importance of the two differs at different times.In the middle and late Ming period,tax reform diversified the livelihood model centred on forestry,making poll tax a fundamental basis of mountain land allocation in Lijia(“里甲”),while mountain tax became the legal certificate.In the early Qing period,with the practice of dividing the poll tax into land,Lijia lost its basis for allocating mountain land.As a result,the number of transactions and disputes increased.Against the backdrop of a booming forest economy,many family lineages strengthened joint control over the collective mountains through the prohibition convention for the restoration of the exclusivity of the mountain land boundary.The internal logic of this process of transformation is to move from the regulation of the tax system to the mechanism of the market.With the disappearance of the poll tax,the mountain tax is only used as a legal certificate.The mountain land transactions and the joint control of property rights by the family lineage mainly express the demands for economic rights.This change in the property rights of mountainous areas can be seen as the weakening of legal rights and the strengthening of economic rights.