论《民法典》背景下的船舶油污侵权第三人责任立法

On Third Party's Liability to Oil Pollution Damagefrom Ship under the Context of China's Civil Code

对于我国《海商法》修改新增“船舶油污损害责任”章应如何规定第三人责任,需要讨论船舶油污损害第三人是否应该承担赔偿责任、责任人可否因特定第三人过错免责、第三人和责任人如何向受害人承担赔偿责任、受害人能否直接向第三人行使赔偿请求权等问题。通过比较研究船舶油污损害赔偿国际公约和美国《油污法》的规定,结合我国司法实践,认为我国《民法典》关于生态环境侵权第三人责任的规定适用于船舶油污损害第三人责任,我国船舶油污损害第三人责任立法不应排除受害人对非漏油船责任主体的直接索赔权,不应做出责任人可因第三人过错免责的规定。

While examining the subject on the third party's liability to oil pollution damage from ship under the new chapter"liability for oil pollution damage"of Chinese Maritime Code amendment draft,questions should be considered are:whether the third party should be liable;whether the shipowner may be exempt from liability if pollution damage was caused by a particular third party;how the third party and liable party bear their responsibilities to the victims;whether the victims could claim directly toward the third party.Chinese Civil Code established third party's liability regime for environmental damage,which should apply to oil pollution damage from ship.Chinese Maritime Law amendment should not exclude victim's right to claim directly toward non-spilling ship in collision accident,and also should not exclude responsible party's liability on account of the fault of the third party.