考虑供应风险的竞合供应链决策研究

Equilibrium decision for co-opetition supply chains with supply risk

随着供应链的全球化和商业环境的瞬息万变,如何应对供应风险,是企业运作管理中需考虑的核心问题之一.本文采用建模分析法研究了近年来运作实践中新出现的一种风险应对策略--与对手合作,并建立了如下供应链竞合模型:模型考虑一个产品制造商需向一个具有随机中断风险的供应商采购某种核心零部件以制成产品,并与对手在市场上展开竞争,其中对手是一个能够自己生产该零件并制成产品的集成制造商;在供应商的供应中断发生后,产品制造商可以从竞争对手处对零部件进行补货.研究发现,在上游供应商获得订单且发生供应中断的前提下,两个制造商之间的补货合作一定会达成,这意味着补货合作选项具有风险应对效应.然而从总体上看,依赖于市场潜能、供应的可靠性、产品间的替代性以及成本的大小,两个制造商之间的竞争与合作既可能共存,也可能互斥(即只竞争不合作或只合作不竞争).除此之外,区别于既往文献的经典研究结论--“下游企业紧急补货选项的存在使具有供应风险的(上游)主供应商获得的订货量减少”,本文在引入供应链竞合之后却发现:补货合作选项的存在竟然会使具有供应风险的上游供应商获得的订货量增加,即两个制造商之间的合作具有向上的溢出效应.而且本文还发现,与没有合作选项的情形相比,合作的存在使两个制造商投放到市场的产品总量增加,即两个竞争性制造商之间的补货合作还具有向下的溢出效应--降低了市场价格从而提高了消费者剩余.

With the globalization of supply chains and the rapid changes in the business environment,how to deal with supply risks is one of the core issues that need to be considered in the operation management of enterprises.Considering the upstream disruption risk,the paper investigates a co-opetition problem in which an original equipment manufacturer(OEM)can replenish components from his rival,the integrated device manufacturer(IDM),after the random disruption of the OEM's supplier is realized.The IDM is perfectly reliable.The paper finds that,under the premise that the upstream supplier obtains the order and the supply is disrupted,the replenishment cooperation between the two manufacturers will be reached.However,from the holistic perspective,depending on the market potential,supply reliability,product substitution,and cost,the competition and cooperation between the two manufacturers may coexist or be mutually exclusive.In addition,our result is different from the results of the previous literature that the existence of backup replenishment option for downstream company reduces the order quantity obtained by the(upstream)supplier with supply risk.This paper finds that,after introducing competition and cooperation,the existence of replenishment cooperation option can increase the order quantity obtained by the upstream supplier with supply risk;that is,the cooperation between the two manufacturers has an upward spillover effect.Furthermore,the cooperation increases the total quantity of products put on the market by the two manufacturers;that is,the replenishment cooperation between the two competing manufacturers also has a downward spillover effect:reducing market prices and increasing consumer surplus.