多中心治理:美国STEM教育治理实践的经验与启示

Polycentric Governance:The Experience and Enlightenment of American STEM Education Governance Practice

在多中心治理的理论视角观照下,本研究试图厘清STEM教育治理过程中多个主体的功能实现机制及其治理工具选择。针对人才供需失衡、技能不足、流失严重等现实问题,美国摸索出了一条具有“多元主义的非中心”特征的STEM教育治理路径。联邦政府是统筹机构、协调资源的高位推动者,州和地方政府是肩负资源争取与战略再造双重职责的承上启下者,联盟是兼具治理中间层属性及“国家层面”性质的沟通者,学校作为培养学生兴趣以防止“管道泄漏”的基层治理单位,企业是基于自身需求主动协作的社会伙伴。为了克服效率冲突与透明度不足的问题,国家在引领和监督制度安排中发挥“元治理”的关键性作用。对我国优化STEM教育治理提出三方面启示:进一步以政府引领高位推动STEM政策制定科学性,提高政策效力;以优化STEM教育政策网络为基石,激发多元主体能动性;以孕育信任文化为支撑,形成协商共治的合作治理机制。

With the help of the analytical framework of"polycentric governance",this paper attempts to clarify the functional realization mechanism and governance tool selection of multiple subjects in STEM education governance process.The United States,faced with realistic problems of talent supply and demand imbalance,insufficient skills,and serious brain drain,has explored a STEM education governance path with the characteristics of"pluralism and non-centrality".In this approach,the federal government is the high-level promoter of the overall planning organization and resource coordination.State and local governments act as a"connecting link",responsible for resource allocation and strategic reengineering.The alliance,with its attributes of governance middle layer and"national level"nature,act as a communicator.School serve as a grassroots governance unit,cultivating students'interests to prevent pipeline leakage,and actively cooperating with social partners based on their needs.To overcome the conflict of efficiency and the lack of transparency,the state plays the key role of"meta-governance",guiding and supervising institutional arrangements.We propose three enlightenments to optimise STEM education governance in China:promote the scientificity of STEM policy formulation and improve policy effectiveness by taking the lead of the government;stimulate the initiative of multiple subjects based on the optimization of STEM education policy network;foster a culture of trust and form a cooperative governance mechanism of consultation and common governance.