印度“影子教育”治理政策变迁与逻辑理路

Changes and Logic of"Shadow Education"Governance Policyin India

“影子教育”的差异化扩张阻碍了印度实现建设包容与公平的高质量教育体系目标,迫使印度对其进行治理。印度对“影子教育”的治理经历了各邦分权治理和国家宏观调控两个阶段。治理“影子教育”的具体目的是维护主流教育系统的正统地位、维护社会教育秩序及减轻家庭经济负担。主要治理路径是从分权治理向宏观调控转变,强化政策和法律执行;通过改革考试制度和教育评估方式提升主流教育的质量,使“影子教育”失去生长的土壤;主流教育系统内嵌补习服务满足学生的额外需求,降低民众对“影子教育”的依赖。印度治理“影子教育”的经验提供了两个方面的启示:依法治理与违法必究;治理需从系统性视角平衡各利益相关方的关系。

The differentiated expansion of"shadow education"is an obstacle to the achievement of India's goal of building an inclusive and equitable quality education system.The governance of"shadow education"in India has gone through two stages:decentralized governance by the states and macro-control by the central government.The main objectives of the governance of"shadow education"are to maintain the orthodoxy of the mainstream education system,to maintain the national educational order,and to reduce family economic burdens.India has adopted three approaches in"shadow education"governance.Firstly,it shifts from decentralized governance to macro-control and strengthens the implementation of policies and laws.Secondly,it improves the quality of mainstream education by reforming the examination system and educational evaluation methods,so that"shadow education"will lose the soil for growth.Thirdly,tutoring services has been embedded in the mainstream education system to meet the additional needs of students and to reduce the public's reliance on"shadow education".The experience of India in the governance of"shadow education"provides implications from two aspects:firstly,governance should be based on legislation and strict penalties for violations;and secondly,"shadow education"governance should balances the relationship between various stakeholders from a systematic perspective.