安徽蚌埠禹会村遗址植硅体分析及其指示的龙山文化时期农业活动

PHYTOLITH ANALYSIS OFTHE YUHUICUN SITE IN BENGBU CITY,ANHUI PROVINCE AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES DURING THE LONGSHAN CULTURE PERIOD

禹会村遗址是淮河中游地区的一处大型龙山文化时期城址,了解其农业活动有助于认识本地区新石器时代末期的农业发展水平与社会组织形式等。本文对禹会村遗址2017年和2020年两个发掘区的49份样品进行了植硅体分析,在多个遗迹单位中发现不同浓度的水稻特征性植硅体,未发现粟遗存的证据。结合已有研究成果,本文认为禹会村遗址龙山文化时期的农作物以水稻(Oryza sativa)为主,粟(Setaria italica)在农业结构中所占比重较低。遗址中发现的水稻植硅体以来自茎叶的扇型植硅体为主,而且不同区域水稻植硅体分布浓度存在明显的差异,反映禹会村遗址的水稻收割方式可能为连杆收割,将水稻带入遗址内分开完成脱粒与脱壳行为。其中城垣区水稻加工活动可能存在集中完成的现象,而生活遗迹区是以家庭为单位开展。此外,水稻扇型植硅体形态参数分析结果显示,禹会村遗址龙山文化时期水稻驯化水平较低,可能存在包括粳稻在内多个水稻品种。本文揭示了禹会村遗址龙山文化时期农业结构、农作物的加工活动及农业发展水平等相关信息,为进一步研究淮河中游地区龙山文化时期农业生产及与其相关的社会组织形式等方面提供了新的科学依据。

Located in the middle reaches of Huai River,the Yuhuicun site is an ancient city site of the Longshan culture period.A study on its agricultural activities is helpful for the understanding of agricultural development and social organization in this area at the end-Neolithic time.In this study,phytolith analysis were conducted on 49 soil samples from two excavation areas at the Yuhuicun site in 2017 and 2020.Rice(Oryza sativa)phytoliths were observed in most samples from the Yuhuicun site,while no foxtail millet(Setaria italica)phytoliths were discovered.Combined with previous findings,these results show that rice was the dominant crop at the Yuhuicun site,while foxtail millet might be in position of a small percentage during the Longshan culture period.The rice phytoliths found at the Yuhuicun site are mainly composed of stems and leaves-derived bulliform phytoliths,and the concentrations of rice phytoliths differ significantly between the two excavation areas.Consequently,these suggest that rice was harvested by reaping at the sheaf at the Yuhuicun site,yet subsequent threshing and dehusking were completed separately inside the site.Rice processing near the city wall area was probably concentrated in communal areas while that in the living area might be undertaken by independent units.Additionally,the three-dimensional morphometric analysis of rice bulliform flabellate and the percentage of that with≥9 fish-scale decorations,indicates rice was still being domesticated.The morphometric analysis of rice BULLIFORM FLABELLATE also shows that several rice varieties,including japonica rice may exist.The new knowledge of the cropping patterns,crop processing and the level of agricultural development at the Yuhuicun site provide helpful information for the exploration on agricultural production and the associated forms of social organization of the Longshan culture period in the middle reaches of Huai River.