区块链数字资产的财产意涵

On the Connotation of the Blockchain Digital Assets as Property

区块链的技术架构决定了只有持有私钥者才能改写特定账户地址上的语义信息。将区块链数字资产涵摄于或类推适用物权的观点,忽视了语义信息并非特定的物、无法被直接支配且不具有完全排他性的特征。《民法典》总则编对财产权的规定超越物债二分体系。对新型财产的讨论,应当放弃“物化”的路径,改采财产权的一般理论的路径。财产权的构造性要素是排他性,即:未经权利人同意,他人不得擅自享受归属于权利人之财产。财产权的排他性是通过外在客体的物理边界与涉及外在客体之行为规范综合实现的。在没有法律规定的情况下,区块链的技术架构可以作为物理边界,赋予持有人对比特币、NFT等链上数字资产以排他权,但持有人对NFT映射的链下数字作品并不享有排他权。

The blockchain technical architecture determines that only the holder of the private digital key can rewrite the semantic information on a specific account.The view that blockchain digital assets are included or analogously applied to real rights ignores the features that semantic information is not specific,cannot be directly controlled,and is not completely exclusive.The general provisions on property rights in the Civil Code go beyond the dichotomous system of real rights and a creditor's rights.The discussion of new property should abandon the path of“materialization”and adopt the general theory of property rights.The structural element of property right is exclusivity,that is,without the consent of the right holder,others shall not enjoy the property of the right holder.The exclusivity of property right is realized through the combination of the physical boundary of external object and the code of conduct involving external object.Even without the specific provisions,the blockchain technical architecture can serve as a physical boundary,giving holders exclusive rights to on-chain digital assets,such as bitcoin and NFTS.However,the holder does not have an exclusive right to an NFT-mapped off-chain digital work.